Fertilization and development fertilization

Содержание

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What is fertilization? Fertilization

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What is fertilization?

Fertilization

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Fertilization The process of a sperm joining an egg is called fertilization.

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Fertilization
The process of a sperm joining an egg

is called fertilization.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Fertilization After the two haploid (N) nuclei

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Fertilization

After the two haploid (N) nuclei fuse, a

single diploid (2N) nucleus is formed.
A diploid cell has a set of chromosomes from each parent cell.
The fertilized egg is called a zygote.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development Early Development While still in

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Early Development

Early Development
While still in the Fallopian tube,

the zygote begins to undergo mitosis.
Four days after fertilization, the embryo is a solid ball of about 64 cells called a morula.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development What are the stages of early development?

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Early Development
What are the stages of early development?

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development The stages of early development include implantation, gastrulation, and neurulation.

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Early Development
The stages of early development include implantation,

gastrulation, and neurulation.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development Implantation As the morula grows,

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Early Development

Implantation 
As the morula grows, it becomes a

hollow structure with an inner cavity called a blastocyst.
6–7 days after fertilization, the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall.
The embryo secretes enzymes that digest a path into it.
This process is known as implantation.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Fertilization Fertilization and Implantation

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Fertilization

Fertilization and Implantation

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development Blastocyst cells specialize due to

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Early Development

Blastocyst cells specialize due to the activation

of genes.
This process, called differentiation, is responsible for the development of the various types of tissue in the body.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development A cluster of cells, known

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Early Development

A cluster of cells, known as the

inner cell mass, develops within the inner cavity of the blastocyst.
The embryo will develop from these cells, while the other cells will differentiate into tissues that surround the embryo.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development Gastrulation The inner cell mass

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Early Development

Gastrulation 
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst

gradually sorts itself into two layers, which then give rise to a third layer.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Mesoderm Amniotic cavity Primitive streak Ectoderm Endoderm

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Mesoderm

Amniotic cavity

Primitive streak

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Early Development

The third layer is produced

by a process of cell migration known as gastrulation.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development The result of gastrulation is

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Early Development

The result of gastrulation is the formation

of three cell layers—the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm.

Amniotic cavity

Primitive streak

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoderm

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development The ectoderm develops into the

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Early Development

The ectoderm develops into the skin and

nervous system.
The endoderm forms the digestive lining and organs.
Mesoderm cells differentiate into internal tissues and organs.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development Neurulation Gastrulation is followed by

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Early Development

Neurulation 
Gastrulation is followed by neurulation.
Neurulation is

the development of the nervous system.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development Shortly after gastrulation is complete,

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Early Development

Shortly after gastrulation is complete, a block

of mesodermal tissue begins to differentiate into the notochord.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Neural crest Neural fold Notochord Early Development

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Neural crest

Neural fold

Notochord

Early Development

As the notochord develops, the

neural groove changes shape, producing neural folds.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Neural crest Neural tube Ectoderm Notochord Early

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Neural crest

Neural tube

Ectoderm

Notochord

Early Development

Gradually, these folds move together

to create a neural tube from which the spinal cord and the nervous system develop.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development Extraembryonic Membranes As the embryo

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Early Development

Extraembryonic Membranes
As the embryo develops, membranes form

to protect and nourish the embryo.
Two of these membranes are the amnion and the chorion.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development The amnion develops into a

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Early Development

The amnion develops into a fluid-filled amniotic

sac, which cushions and protects the developing embryo.

Uterus

Amnion

Fetus

Amniotic sac

Placenta

Umbilical cord

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Fingerlike projections called chorionic villi form on

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Fingerlike projections called chorionic villi form on the

outer surface of the chorion and extend into the uterine lining.

Early Development

Fetal portion of placenta

Maternal portion of placenta

Maternal artery

Maternal vein

Umbilical vein

Umbilical arteries

Umbilical cord

Amnion

Chorionic villus

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The chorionic villi and uterine lining form

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The chorionic villi and uterine lining form the

placenta.
The placenta connects the mother and developing embryo.

Early Development

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development What is the function of the placenta?

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Early Development
What is the function of the placenta?

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development The placenta is the embryo's

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Early Development
The placenta is the embryo's organ of

respiration, nourishment, and excretion.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development The placenta acts as a

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Early Development

The placenta acts as a barrier to

some harmful or disease-causing agents.
Some disease causing agents, such as German measles and HIV can cross the placenta.
Some drugs, including alcohol and medications also can penetrate the placenta and affect development.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Development After eight weeks, the embryo

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Early Development

After eight weeks, the embryo is called

a fetus.
After three months, most major organs and tissues are formed. During this time, the umbilical cord also forms.
The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Control of Development Control of Development The

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Control of Development

Control of Development
The fates of many

cells in the early embryo are not fixed.
The inner cell mass contains embryonic stem cells, unspecialized cells that can differentiate into nearly any specialized cell type.
Researchers are still learning the mechanisms that control stem cell differentiation.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Later Development Later Development 4–6 months after

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Later Development

Later Development
4–6 months after fertilization:
The heart can

be heard with a stethoscope.
Bone replaces cartilage that forms the early skeleton.
A layer of soft hair grows over the fetus’s skin.
The fetus grows and the mother can feel it moving.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Later Development During the last three months,

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Later Development

During the last three months, the organ

systems mature.
The fetus doubles in mass.
It can now regulate its body temperature.
The central nervous system and lungs completely develop.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Childbirth Childbirth About nine months after fertilization,

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Childbirth

Childbirth
About nine months after fertilization, the fetus is

ready for birth.
A complex set of factors affects the onset of childbirth.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Childbirth The mother’s posterior pituitary gland releases

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Childbirth

The mother’s posterior pituitary gland releases the hormone

oxytocin, which affects involuntary muscles in the uterine wall.
These muscles begin rhythmic contractions known as labor.
The contractions become more frequent and more powerful.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Childbirth The opening of the cervix expands

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Childbirth

The opening of the cervix expands until it

is large enough for the head of the baby to pass through it.
At some point, the amniotic sac breaks, and the fluid it contains rushes out of the vagina.
Contractions force the baby out through the vagina.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Childbirth The baby now begins an independent

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Childbirth

The baby now begins an independent existence.
Its

systems quickly adapt to life outside the uterus, supplying its own oxygen, excreting waste on its own, and maintaining its own body temperature.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Multiple Births Multiple Births If two eggs

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Multiple Births

Multiple Births
If two eggs are released during

the same cycle and fertilized by two different sperm, fraternal twins result.
A single zygote may split apart to produce two embryos, which are called identical twins.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Early Years Early Years The first two

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Early Years

Early Years
The first two years of life

are called infancy. It is a period of rapid growth and development.
Childhood lasts from infancy until puberty.
Adolescence begins with puberty and ends with adulthood.
Puberty produces a growth spurt that will conclude in mid-adolescence.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Adulthood Adulthood Development continues during adulthood. Adults

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Adulthood

Adulthood
Development continues during adulthood.
Adults reach their highest

levels of physical strength and development between the ages of 25 and 35.
Most people begin to show signs of aging in their 30s.
Around age 65, most body systems become less efficient, making homeostasis more difficult to maintain.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39–4

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39–4

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39–4 Fertilization takes place in the ovary.

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39–4

Fertilization takes place in the
ovary.
Fallopian tube.
cavity of the

uterus.
cervix.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39–4 The process in which a blastocyst

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39–4

The process in which a blastocyst attaches to

the wall of the uterus is called
fertilization.
implantation.
gastrulation.
neurulation.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39–4 The central nervous system develops during

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39–4

The central nervous system develops during which phase

of early development?
gastrulation
neurulation
implantation
fertilization
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39–4 The placenta is a structure that

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39–4

The placenta is a structure that
belongs entirely to

the mother.
belongs entirely to the fetus.
brings blood from the mother and fetus close together.
provides an impermeable barrier between the mother and the fetus.
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 39–4 Which of the following is not

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39–4

Which of the following is not a primary

germ layer?
neural tube
endoderm
ectoderm
mesoderm