Internal сombustion engine basics, components, systems, construction, test and perspectives

Июль 25, 2022

Главная
Физика
Internal сombustion engine basics, components, systems, construction, test and perspectives

Содержание

2. Aleksey Terentyev Contact Information: Izhevsk State Technical University, 7 Studencheskaya street, Building 2, Room 415 426069,
3. What is an Engine? An engine is a device which transforms one form of energy into
4. 1.Types of Power Plants Heat engine can be broadly classified into two categories: (a) Internal Combustion
5. 1.1. Classification of Heat Engines Engines whether Internal Combustion or External Combustion are of two types:
6. 1.2. Classification of Internal combustion Engines (an abbreviation ICE) There are many different types of internal
7. 1.2. Classification of Internal combustion Engines (ICE) 6. Method of mixture preparation. Carburetion, fuel injection into
8. 2. Basic Geometry of the Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine (an abbreviation RICE) Bore - engine cylinder
9. 3. Main Components and Principle of Operation of the Internal Combustion Engine Figure 3.1 Cross section
10. 4. The Four-Stroke Petrol Engine Cycle A cycle is one complete sequence of 4 strokes of
11. How does this work ? The process is accompanied by any runtime heat engine are mixing
12. 4.1 Inlet Stroke To describe the complete cycle, let's assume that the piston is at the
13. 4.2 Compression Stroke On reaching the lowest position (bottom dead center) the piston begins to move
14. 4.3 Power stroke As the piston again reaches the top dead center the spark plugs ignite
15. 4.4 Exhaust stroke When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve is
16. So the piston moves in the cylinder down (intake stroke), up (compression stroke), down (power stroke),
17. 5. Four-stroke CI Engines. Principle of operation Due to high compression ratio, the temperature at the
18. Four-stroke CI Engines 1.Suction stroke Only air is inducted during the suction stroke. During this stroke
19. 6. Two-stroke Cycle Engines – Principle of operation In two-stroke engines the cycle is completed in
20. Two-Stroke Cycle The air or charge is sucked through spring-loaded inlet valve when the pressure in
21. 7. SI Engine Components Labeled cutaway drawings of a four-stroke SI engine shown in Figure. The
23. Скачать презентацию

Слайд 2

Aleksey Terentyev
Contact Information:
Izhevsk State Technical University,
7 Studencheskaya street, Building

2, Room 415
426069, Izhevsk, Russia
Office phone: 7 (3412) 77-31-59
Internal office phone: 23-02
Mobile phone 8-912-752-29-47
E-mail: tdu_teran@mail.ru
Personal data:
Education Izhevsk State Technical University (OF ISTU) 10.1993 – 02.1999 Specialty: Engineer-mechanic-Engine Construction and Test
Post graduate course at the Izhevsk State Technical University (of ISTU) 03.1999 – 05.2005 Outcome: PhD degree in Technique – «Noise and Vibration of the Car»
Position
An associate professor at the Izhevsk State Technical University named after Mikhail Kalashnikov
Date of Birth: 30.11.1975
Work experience: from 1999

Слайд 3

What is an Engine?
An engine is a device which transforms one

form of energy into another form

Engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy and utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work

Слайд 4

1.Types of Power Plants
Heat engine can be broadly classified into two

categories:
(a) Internal Combustion Engines (an abbreviation ICE);
(b) External Combustion Engines (an abbreviation ECE)

Слайд 5

1.1. Classification of Heat Engines
Engines whether Internal Combustion or External Combustion

are of two types:
(I) Rotary engines
(II) Reciprocating engines

Слайд 6

1.2. Classification of Internal combustion Engines (an abbreviation ICE)
There are many

different types of internal combustion engines. They can be classified by their:
1. Application. Automobile, truck, locomotive, light aircraft, marine, etc.
2. Basic engine design. Reciprocating engines (in-line, V, opposed), rotary engines (Wankel)
3. Working cycle. Four-stroke cycle: naturally aspirated (admitting atmospheric air), supercharged (admitting precompressed fresh mixture), and turbocharged (admitting fresh mixture compressed in a compressor driven by an exhaust turbine), two-stroke cycle: crankcase scavenged, supercharged, and turbocharged
4. Valve or port design and location. Overhead (or I-head) valves, underhead (or L-head) valves, rotary valves, cross-scavenged porting (inlet and exhaust ports on opposite sides of cylinder at one end), loop-scavenged porting (inlet and exhaust ports on same side of cylinder at one end), through- or uniflowscavenged (inlet and exhaust ports or valves at different ends of cylinder)
5. Fuel. Gasoline (or petrol), fuel oil (or diesel fuel), natural gas, liquid petroleum gas, alcohols (methanol, ethanol), hydrogen, dual fuel

Слайд 7

1.2. Classification of Internal combustion Engines (ICE)
6. Method of mixture preparation.

Carburetion, fuel injection into the intake ports or intake collector, fuel injection into the engine cylinder
7. Method of ignition. Spark ignition (in conventional engines where the mixture is uniform and in stratified-charge engines where the mixture is non-uniform), compression ignition (in conventional diesels, as well as ignition in gas engines by pilot injection of fuel oil)
8. Combustion chamber design. Open chamber (many designs: e.g., disc, wedge, hemisphere, bowl-in-piston), divided chamber (small and large auxiliary chambers; many designs: e.g., swirl chambers, prechambers)
9. Method of load control. Throttling of fuel and air flow together so mixture composition is essentially unchanged, control of fuel flow alone, a combination of these
10. Method of cooling. Water cooled, air cooled, uncooled (other than by natural convection and radiation)
All these distinctions are important and they illustrate the breadth of engine designs available.

Слайд 8

2. Basic Geometry of the Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine (an abbreviation

RICE)

Bore - engine cylinder diameter, TC – top (dead) center, BC – bottom (dead) center, Stroke - distance between TC and BC, Vc – combustion chamber volume, Vs – swept (or working) volume, Vt - total cylinder volume, Vt / Vc =ε=rc - compression ratio Figure 2.1 Basic Geometry of the RICE

Слайд 9

3. Main Components and Principle of Operation of the Internal Combustion

Engine

Figure 3.1 Cross section of a RICE

In reciprocating engines, the piston moves back and forth in a cylinder and transmits power through a connecting rod and crank mechanism to the drive power shaft.

Слайд 10

4. The Four-Stroke Petrol Engine Cycle
A cycle is one complete sequence

of 4 strokes of the piston in the cylinder

The operating cycle of the four-stroke petrol engine includes: inlet stroke, compression stroke, power stroke, exhaust stroke.

Слайд 11

How does this work ?
The process is accompanied by any runtime

heat engine are mixing the fuel with the air, suction the mixture into the cylinder, compression the mixture, ignition the mixture and combustion the mixture

Слайд 12

4.1 Inlet Stroke
To describe the complete cycle, let's assume that the

piston is at the top of the stroke (top dead center) and the inlet and the exhaust valves are closed.
When the piston moves down the inlet valve opens to intake a charge of fuel into the cylinder

Слайд 13

4.2 Compression Stroke
On reaching the lowest position (bottom dead center) the

piston begins to move upward into the closed upper part of the cylinder.
The inlet valve is closed and the mixture is compressed by the rising piston.

Слайд 14

4.3 Power stroke
As the piston again reaches the top dead center

the spark plugs ignite the mixture, both valves being closed during its combustion.
As a result of burning mixtures the gases expand and great pressure makes the piston move back down the cylinder

Слайд 15

4.4 Exhaust stroke
When the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke,

the exhaust valve is opened, pressure is released, and the piston again rises.
It lets the burnt gas flow through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere

Слайд 16

So the piston moves in the cylinder down (intake stroke), up

(compression stroke), down (power stroke), up (exhaust stroke) and after the cycle is repeated

Слайд 17

5. Four-stroke CI Engines. Principle of operation
Due to high compression ratio,

the temperature at the end of compression stroke is sufficient to ignite the fuel which is injected into the combustion chamber

The carburettor and ignition system, necessary in the SI engine, are not required in the CI engine.

Слайд 18

Four-stroke CI Engines
1.Suction stroke
Only air is inducted during the suction

stroke. During this stroke intake valve is open and exhaust valve is closed.
2.Compression stroke
Both valves remain closed during compression stroke.
3. Expansion or power stroke
Fuel is injected in the beginning of the expansion stroke. The rate of injection is such that the combustion maintains the pressure constant. After the injection of fuel is over (i.e. after fuel cut off) the products of combustion expand. Both valves remain closed during expansion stroke.
4. Exhaust stroke.
The exhaust valve is open and the intake valve remains closed in the exhaust stroke.
Due to higher pressures the CI engine is heavier than SI engine but has a higher thermal efficiency because of greater expansion. CI engines are mainly used for heavy transport vehicles, power generation, and industrial and marine applications.

Слайд 19

6. Two-stroke Cycle Engines – Principle of operation
In two-stroke engines the

cycle is completed in two strokes, that is, one revolution of the crankshaft as against two revolutions of four-stroke cycle.
The difference between two-stroke and four-stroke engines is in the method of filling the cylinder with the fresh charge and removing the burned gases from the cylinder.

Figure shows the simplest type of two-stroke engine – the crankcase scavenged engine.

Слайд 20

Two-Stroke Cycle
The air or charge is sucked through spring-loaded inlet

valve when the pressure in the crankcase reduces due to upward motion of the piston during compression stroke.
After the compression, ignition and expansion takes place in the usual way: during the expansion stroke the air in the crankcase is compressed. Near the end of expansion stroke piston uncovers the exhaust port, and the cylinder pressure drops to atmospheric as the combustion products leave the cylinder.
Further motion of the piston uncovers transfer ports, permitting the slightly compressed air or mixture in the crankcase to enter the engine cylinder. The top of the piston sometimes has a projection to deflect the fresh air to sweep up to the top of the cylinder before flowing to the exhaust ports. This serves the double purpose of scavenging the upper part of the cylinder of combustion products and preventing the fresh charge from flowing directly to the exhaust ports. The same objective can be achieved without piston deflector by proper shaping of the transfer port.
During the upward motion of the piston from bottom dead centre, the transfer ports and then the exhaust port close and compression of the charge begins and the cycle is repeated.

Слайд 21

7. SI Engine Components
Labeled cutaway drawings of a four-stroke SI engine

shown in Figure.
The spark-ignition engine is a four cylinder
in-line automobile engine.

Internal сombustion engine basics, components, systems, construction, test and perspectives

Содержание

Aleksey Terentyev Contact Information: Izhevsk State Technical University, 7 Studencheskaya street, Building

What is an Engine?An engine is a device which transforms one

1.Types of Power PlantsHeat engine can be broadly classified into two

1.1. Classification of Heat Engines Engines whether Internal Combustion or External Combustion

1.2. Classification of Internal combustion Engines (an abbreviation ICE) There are many

1.2. Classification of Internal combustion Engines (ICE)6. Method of mixture preparation.

2. Basic Geometry of the Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine (an abbreviation

3. Main Components and Principle of Operation of the Internal Combustion

4. The Four-Stroke Petrol Engine CycleA cycle is one complete sequence

How does this work ? The process is accompanied by any runtime

4.1 Inlet StrokeTo describe the complete cycle, let's assume that the

4.2 Compression StrokeOn reaching the lowest position (bottom dead center) the

4.3 Power strokeAs the piston again reaches the top dead center

4.4 Exhaust strokeWhen the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke,