Содержание
- 2. The end of the archaic period In all the Greek world, between the end of the
- 3. Emergence of new classes Among the main consequences of the colonization there is the expansion and
- 4. Ancient Legislators Between 7th and 6th c. BCE there appear legendary figures of legislators, like the
- 5. Lycurgus of Sparta Lycurgus of Sparta, mythical legislator, believed to have lived between 8th and 7th
- 6. Draco of Athens Draco codified Athens' laws in 621 BCE, starting from criminal law. His collection
- 8. Tyrants Sparta's situation is a little exceptional. Very conservative, it keeps for a long time Lycurgus'
- 9. Cleisthenes and his reforms Hippias' government is overthrown by the politician Cleisthenes in 510 BCE. Cleisthenes
- 10. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
- 12. The Persian Wars The classical period is dominated by two long and devastating wars: The Persian
- 13. The Persian Wars (2) Only Athens and the small Eretria sent few ships. The Persians crushed
- 14. The Persian Wars (3) 10 years later, Darius I's successor Xerxes I gathers an enormous army
- 15. The Persian Wars (4) After the victory, in 477 BCE Athens promotes the creation of an
- 16. The Persian Wars (5) In the 460s the competition between Athens and Sparta appears clearly. In
- 17. Pericles of Athens Pericles reinforces the democratic institutions at home, and increases Athens' power within the
- 20. The War of the Peloponnesus The rise of Athens conflicts with the League of the Peloponnesus
- 21. Thebes, and then Macedonia The main Greek powers of the 4th century BCE are Athens, Sparta,
- 22. Philip II of Macedonia In 360 BCE Philip II becomes king of Macedonia, and after years
- 23. Alexander the Great Alexander embraces his father's project to invade the Persian empire. First he completely
- 24. THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD
- 25. Diadochi and Hellenistic Kingdoms After Alexander's death there are about 40 years of wars among his
- 26. Rome Athens and Sparta continue for a long time to try to free themselves from the
- 27. THE POLIS
- 28. The polis The polis (pl. poleis) was an ancient Greek form of organization of society that
- 29. Origins of the polis The poleis appeared around the 8th century BCE as small independent communities,
- 30. Independence or Weakness? The poleis' extreme love of independence and autonomy was in the end also
- 31. Societies without state We must be careful not to use the modern concept of state for
- 32. The tyrants Initially the poleis were dominated by the aristocracy, but since the end of the
- 33. The tyrants (2) The tyrants, however, contributed to the political innovation of the poleis and to
- 34. Citizen-soldiers The army started to be based on heavy infantry where the soldiers fought in close
- 35. Organization of the polis Initially the poleis developed around religious buildings like temples or holy places.
- 37. Political rights Rights and duties of the citizen included politics, military service, and religious duties. Only
- 38. Citizen’s duties Citizens didn't pay taxes but only customs duties on trade. Citizens, however, were expected
- 39. Religious duties Military service was compulsory and lasted from 20 to 40 years of age. Until
- 40. People without political rights The three main categories of people without political rights were women, resident
- 41. Resident foreigners (metics) Foreigners who were not Greeks enjoyed almost no rights in the poleis. Foreigners
- 42. Resident foreigners (metics) (2) Metics were not only resident foreigners but also former slaves. Often metics
- 43. Slaves Slaves were mostly prisoners of war or born from slaves. They belonged to the polis
- 44. Stateless persons These were Greeks who had been exiled from their polis, for example due to
- 45. The invention of politics In spite of these limitations, the Greek polis is credited with (nothing
- 46. “Man is a political animal” The Greeks, especially in the classical period, could not conceive a
- 47. Isonomia and isegoria Besides isonomia, that we have already seen, one of the main principles of
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