Содержание
- 2. Radioactivity Radioactivity is the property of spontaneous disintegration, or decay, of atomic nuclei accompanied by the
- 3. Radioactivity The SI (Standards Internationaux) unit of activity is the reciprocal second (s –1 ) with
- 4. Units and abbreviations
- 5. Radiation doses – a comparison
- 6. Natural radioactivity Natural radioactivity is derived from the decay of nuclei in the Earth’s crust and
- 7. Artificial radioactivity. In most situations, the most radiologically important fission products in the short term are
- 9. Radioactivity in the Arctic Radioactivity in the Arctic have highlighted that the Arctic terrestrial environment is
- 10. Radioactivity in the Arctic The sources of radioactive contamination in the Arctic can be divided into
- 11. Past contamination sources Past fallout remains in the terrestrial environment. From a circumpolar perspective, fallout from
- 12. Primary (P) and secondary (S) sources of artificial radionuclide contamination in the environment
- 13. Radioactivity in the Arctic Radioactive contamination of the Arctic has occurred at two different scales: 1.
- 14. NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES IN THE ARCTIC OVER THE LAST 50 YEARS
- 15. Widespread contamination of land and sea Terrestrial contamination The two major sources of fallout in the
- 16. Localized contamination Short-range fallout from Novaya Zemlya tests There have been some 130 tests at Novaya
- 17. Sources 1. Nuclear tests 1945 - 1990 According to the UNSCEAR 2000 (UNSCEAR 2000), after 1945,
- 19. Of 130 explosions conducted on Novaya Zemlya: 85 were atmospheric, 3 - underwater, 2 - at
- 20. 137 CESIUM FROM NUCLEAR WEAPON’S TESTING FALLOUT
- 21. Sources 2. The Chernobyl accident of 1986
- 22. Sources 3. Western European radiochemical plants for processing nuclear fuel. At radio chemical plants, uranium and
- 23. Sources
- 24. Sources 4. Radiochemical plants of Russia Currently, there are five Rosatom nuclear fuel cycle plants that
- 25. Sources 5. The Russian nuclear fleet (including the service infrastructure) In total: nuclear submarines - 248,
- 26. Sources 6. Kola and Bilibino nuclear power plants,
- 27. Sources 7. Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) A special source of possible radiation impact on the Arctic
- 28. Sources 8. Underground nuclear explosions for economic purposes In the period from 1965 to 1988, the
- 29. Sources 9. Elevated levels of natural radionuclides during offshore oil and gas production
- 31. SOURCES OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE The following categories: High-Level Waste (HLW)— Uranium mining and mill By-product material
- 32. Movement of radioactive materials
- 33. Atmospheric transport The mean residence time of radionuclides in the Arctic stratosphere is in the order
- 34. Marine transport Releases into Arctic marine ecosystems can either occur directly, through routine releases from nuclear
- 35. Terrestrial transport Once radionuclides are deposited onto the Earth’s surface, their subsequent behavior is dependent on
- 36. Transfer Interception Soil-to-plant transfer Plant-to-animal transfer Diet selection Availability for absorption in the gut Metabolism of
- 37. Food-chain model for harp seal in the Barents Sea. Source: simplifed from Dommasnes et al. (2001).
- 38. Half-life of a radionuclide The effective biological half-life of a radionuclide in an organism is a
- 39. The half-life of a radionuclide
- 40. Freshwater pathways The transfer of radionuclides from such systems occurs mainly through consumption of freshwater fish
- 41. Marine pathways Exposure from marine pathways arises from the consumption of marine food products, including fish
- 42. The effects of radiation under Arctic conditions: Severe climatic conditions are factors of natural environmental stress,
- 43. The effects of radiation under Arctic conditions Development of embryos and young poikilothermic organisms in the
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