The Relevance of Norm and Deviation from Norm in Decoding Stylistics

Август 7, 2022

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The Relevance of Norm and Deviation from Norm in Decoding Stylistics

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2. NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS 1. The Relevance of Norm and Deviation from
3. THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS
4. THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS
5. THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS Roman Jakobson (1896-1982)
6. THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS The meaning of a poem
7. THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS
8. THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS Adding emphasis to information conveyed
9. THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS
10. THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS Ozymandias I met a traveller
11. THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS The violation of one rule
12. THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS The head that wears a
13. THE NOTION OF NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS
14. THE NOTION OF NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS Katie Wales in the “Dictionary of Stylistics” writes: a
15. THE NOTION OF NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS Dialect refers to a variety of language associated with
16. THE NOTION OF NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS A regional dialect differs from a regional variety in
17. THE NOTION OF NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS
18. THE NOTION OF NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS
19. THE NOTION OF NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS Sociolect is a term created by analogy with words
20. THE NOTION OF DEVIATION IN DECODING STYLISTICS Deviation has been very commonly used in early work
21. THE NOTION OF DEVIATION IN DECODING STYLISTICS (3) The definition of style itself as a deviation
22. THE NOTION OF DEVIATION IN DECODING STYLISTICS The quantitative deviation is represented by repetition, that is
23. THE NOTION OF DEVIATION IN DECODING STYLISTICS A qualitative deviation with a contrast for traditional and
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NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS
1. The Relevance of

Norm and Deviation from Norm in Contemporary Linguistics.
2. The Relevance of Norm and Deviation from Norm in Decoding Stylistics.
3. The Notion of Norm in Decoding Stylistics.
4. The Notion of Deviation in Decoding Stylistics.

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THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS

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THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS

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THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS
Roman

Jakobson
(1896-1982)

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THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS
The

meaning of a poem comes as much from the form as from the content, which in any case is created within the poem.
The sheer density in poetry of all kinds of equivalences cannot be denied, especially involving metrical form.
‘Semantic saturation’ of a poem comes as much from the information of the different linguistic levels as from its relations with other texts and social and cultural knowledge (Lotman, 1970)

Yu. M. Lotman
(1922-1993)

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THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS

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THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS
Adding

emphasis to information conveyed presupposes a special organization of material, including various types of deviation.
There is a sort of interaction between deviation from some general norm and creating a new norm specific to each given text.
Neither regularity in itself nor any particular instance of creating linguistic prominence by deviating from it will be stylistically relevant, unless it stresses something important in the meaning of the text.

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THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS

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THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS
Ozymandias
I met

a traveller from an antique land
Who said: Two vast and trunkless legs of stone,
Stand in the desert... Near them on the sand,
Half sunk a shattered visage lies, whose frown,
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
Which yet survive stamped on these lifeless things,
The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed:
And on the pedestal these words appear:
“My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!"
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away (P.B. Shelley)

The mass noun sand by taking the plural form receives the meaning of “a vast expanse of sand, i.e. desert” in P.B. Shelley's "Ozymandias”
Thus, we have the general rule, the norm (the regular plural in -s), a constraint on this norm (no plural for mass nouns) and a meaningful deviation from this (reclassification) enhancing the impression of decay

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THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS
The

violation of one rule may be individual, occasional, creating an unorthodox meaning of a word or a whole sentence.
Semi-marked structures
a grief ago, all the sun long and all the moon long
(Dylan Thomas)
When the breaking of rules results in the appearance of a new meaning and/or additional expressiveness we shall call that deviation, whereas the main rules and restrictions of arranging the code constitute its norm.

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THE RELEVANCE OF NORM AND DEVIATION FROM NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS
The

head that wears a crown lies uneasy - neutral
Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown - emphatic
Head the that wears crown a lies uneasy - impossible
The unpredictability may result from breaking the norms of linguistic code:
He who attempts to tease the cobra
Is soon a sadder he and sobra (Ogden Nash)
or from violating logical expectations:
Get a house and a wife and a fire to put her in. (The last verbal phrase breaks the expectation of marital bliss established by the previous enumeration of nouns after a sort of norm has been created within this very short space.)

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THE NOTION OF NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS

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THE NOTION OF NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS
Katie Wales in the

“Dictionary of Stylistics” writes: a variety is common in sociolinguistics especially to describe any system of language which distinguishes one group of people or one function from another:
whether regional or occupational (see the notion of DIALECT);
social (see the notion of SOCIOLECT);
or situational (see the notion of REGISTER).

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THE NOTION OF NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS
Dialect refers to a variety of

language associated with subsets of users:
in a geographical area (rural dialect, e.g. Cornwall, Leicestershire; urban dialect if a town or city, e.g. Tyneside, Cockney);
or with a social group (class dialect if associated with socio-economic status, e.g. working class; occupational dialect if associated with a profession or trade, e.g. train-drivers, coal-miners, etc.).
It is known that some language forms that are deviating from the point of view of standard English may come within the norm of the dialect.

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THE NOTION OF NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS
A regional dialect differs

from a regional variety in that although it has a norm, the norm is not a literary norm.
The local Cockney Dialect as used in speech characterization often enhances the wit characteristic of the simple people of London:
It's over, and can't be helped, and that's one consolation, as they always says in Turkey, ven they cuts the wrong man's head off. / Dickens /
Some forms that are deviating from the point of view of Standard English may come within the norm of the dialect:
We aren't thin red 'eroes,
nor we aren't no blackguards too / Kipling /

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THE NOTION OF NORM IN DECODING STYLISTICS
Sociolect is a term created

by analogy with words like dialect and idiolect which is used in sociolinguistics to refer to a variety of language distinctive of a particular social group or class.
Lect is used in sociolinguistics as a generic term equivalent to a language variety for any set of features with a definite functional or situational identity.
There are genderlects which distinguish male and female speech.
Adamson (1998) has the useful term chronolect for a variety distinctive in time, dividing people in terms of language change. We can talk of the chronolect of the late sixteenth century, relevant for the understanding of Shakespeare.

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THE NOTION OF DEVIATION IN DECODING STYLISTICS
Deviation has been very commonly

used in early work in stylistics, and has appeared in definitions of style itself. It has also been used in generative grammar to refer to any unit which is not grammatical or is ill-formed, which does not conform to the ‘rules’ of the language.
(1) Strictly, deviation refers to divergence in frequency from a norm, or the statistical average. Such divergence may depend on: (a) the breaking of normal rules of linguistic structure (whether phonological, grammatical, lexical or semantic) and so be statistically unusual/infrequent; or (b) upon the over-use of normal rules of usage, and so be statistically unusual in the sense of over-frequent.
(2) Not surprisingly, statistical deviance easily becomes associated with what is unusual, unpredictable, unexpected, unconventional.

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THE NOTION OF DEVIATION IN DECODING STYLISTICS
(3) The definition of

style itself as a deviation from a norm (common in the 1960s) is rather unsatisfactory, since there are as many norms as there are varieties of language, non-literary, as well as literary.
(4) It is also possible to argue that all texts, whatever the degree of deviance, establish their own particular ‘secondary’ or ‘second order’ norms; and some early stylisticians, following Levin (1965) distinguish between external and internal deviation.
light’s lives lurch
a once world quickly from rises
army the gradual of unbeing fro
on stiffening greenly air and to ghosts go
drift slippery hands tease slim float twitter faces
Only stand with me, love! against these its
until you are, and until i am dreams…
/E.E. Cummings/

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The quantitative deviation is represented

by repetition, that is a significant accumulation of elements of any kind surpassing their average distribution.
The violation of rules and constraints controlling a given code are always partial. Their effect is mostly transmitting connotations and the hierarchy of meanings.
Consider for instance the following example from "A Midsummer Night's Dream":
...the fairest dame
That lived, that loved, that liked, that looked with cheer.

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A qualitative deviation with a

contrast for traditional and situational nomination is present in every kind of trope: metaphor, metonymy, periphrasis and so on.
As this aspect is described in every book on stylistics, we shall give only one example:
Men must endure
Their going hence, even as their coming hither ("King Lear")
No text can deviate too far from the expectations of its possible readers, otherwise it becomes unreadable. On the other hand, deviation is necessary.