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- 2. Class Structure What is ‘political culture’ and what is Inglehart’s theory of value change? What evidence
- 3. What is political culture? Components: Values and priorities Cognitive beliefs, attitudes, and opinions, Social norms and
- 4. Claim that culture matters.. “If the democratic model is to develop in new nations, it will
- 5. 1. Ronald Inglehart’s theory The Silent Revolution (1977) Culture Shift (1990) Modernization and Post-Modernization (1997) Inglehart
- 6. Theory of cultural change “Economic, cultural and political change go together in coherent patterns that are
- 7. Premises of theory Values = personal or social goals Values > attitudes > beliefs Scarcity hypothesis
- 8. Maslovian Value Hierarchy Social/ self-actualization needs (Post-Materialist) Physical needs (Materialist) Aesthetic Intellectual Belonging and esteem Safety
- 9. Predictions Value change > social/political change Generational patterns (pre+post 1945) Decline of ‘old’ political cleavages Class,
- 10. New political cleavages Old right Old left New left New right
- 11. Cultural Shifts Rational-Legal Authority Achievement Motivation Traditional Authority Religious/communal values De-emphasis of Authority Post-materialist Values Post-Modernization
- 12. Process of social change Agrarian to modern From agriculture to heavy industry Rural to urban Division
- 13. Qualifications Modernization =/=Westernization Modernization =/= democratization Change is not linear – can be stepped Not deterministic
- 14. 2: Evidence “There is a lot of talk these days about what the aims of the
- 15. Questions about the evidence Is economic development linked with cultural values? Do values cluster in predictable
- 16. 89 Nations in the WVS 1980-2007
- 17. WVS -Waves 1980-1984 - 22 nations 1990-1993 - 42 nations 1995-1997 - 53 nations 1999-2002 -
- 19. Cohort Analysis: EU
- 20. Cohort Analysis
- 22. 3. Potential criticisms? Measure of post-materialism? Diverse patterns across societies e.g. environmental movement, green parties Economic-cultural
- 23. 4. Implications for democratic support Inglehart and Welzel’s theory Self-expression values influence subsequent democratic institutions (not
- 24. Why does development strengthen self-expression values? Socio-economic development increases: Financial capital and economic resources (income and
- 25. Measuring self-expression values Post-materialist values R gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index) Life satisfaction and
- 26. Measuring self-expression values Post-materialist values R gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index) Life satisfaction and
- 27. Factor analysis loadings R gives priority to post-materialist values (4-item index) .87 R describes self as
- 28. Defining and measuring democracy Constitutional democracy (exec constraints, etc) Polity IV 20-pt democracy-autocracy scale Electoral democracy
- 29. Direction of causality? Impact of values (X) on democracy (Y) Test for: Temporal order X t1
- 30. Self-expression values & democracy
- 31. Models: 61 nations Self-expression values, early-1990s Socio-econ resources, early-1990s Democracy, FH 1997-2002 Democracy, FH 1981-1986 Self-expression
- 32. Why not reverse causality? Living under democracy leads to values? Democratic institutions encourage tolerance, trust, etc?
- 33. Critique? Robert W. Jackman and Ross A. Miller Before Norms: Institutions & Civic Culture U. Michigan
- 34. 3. Jackman and Miller critique “We believe there is no systematic evidence that links cultural values
- 35. Jackman and Miller critique What counts as ‘culture’? Post-materialist values Self-expression values? Levels of social trust?
- 36. Jackman and Miller critique “These problems taken as a whole generate a set of non-cumulative results
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