METHODS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESARCH

Август 24, 2022

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METHODS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESARCH

Содержание

2. QUANTITATIVE METHODS
3. Sampling Probability sampling
5. What to measure? Knowledge Attitudes Possible activity
6. Steps to create questionnaire Defining aim and objectives Defining theoretical approach List of future variables List
7. Questions Open Last book you have read? Semistuctured What is you nationality? Ukrainian Russian Other_______________ Structured
8. How to formulate questions? Whether everyone would be able to understand question and answer? Whether everyone
9. Length of the questionnaire Price Time Number of non-response Quality of answers
10. Field work We can not change questions during the fieldwork Big number of non-responses Possible unpleasant
11. Qualitative research
12. Definition Qualitative research is an interpretative approach concerned with understanding the meanings which people attach to
13. Important features Aims are directed at providing in-depth and interpreted understanding of the social world of
14. In-depth interview
15. In-depth interview: definition Form of conversation with a purpose (~1,5-2 hours). Provides an opportunity for detailed
16. In-depth interview: types Structured – scenario of an interview is based on a detailed list of
17. In-depth interview: types Semistructured – scenario of an interview is based on broadly defined thematic lines,
18. In-depth interview: types Unstructured – 3 stages. I stage – no questions with an exception of
19. In-depth interview: types (-) difficult to compare big number of interviews (-) even more difficult to
20. Focus group discussion
21. Focus group discussion: definition FGD – involves several (6-10) participants brought together to discuss the research
22. Observation
23. Participant observation Participant observation – researcher joins the constituent study population or its organizational or community
24. Observation Observation – offers opportunity to record and analyze behavior and interactions as they occur, although
25. Textual analysis
26. Textual analysis: types Conversational analysis involves a detailed examination of “talk interactions” to determine how conversation
27. Textual analysis: types Discourse analysis is “concerned with texts as social practices”. It alerts us to
28. Textual analysis: types Content analysis “claims to offer an “objective”, “systematic” and “quantitative” analysis of documentary
29. Content-analysis However, content analysis does not allow the possibility for a researcher to uncover variability in
30. Sampling
31. Sampling Qualitative research uses non-probability sampling, where units are deliberately selected to reflect particular features of
32. ? Regions
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Слайд 2

QUANTITATIVE METHODS

Слайд 3

Sampling
Probability sampling

Слайд 4

Слайд 5

What to measure?
Knowledge
Attitudes
Possible activity

Слайд 6

Steps to create questionnaire
Defining aim and objectives
Defining theoretical approach
List of

future variables
List of possible analytical procedures
Work with existing questionnaires
Defining questions
Pilot survey
Final changes

Слайд 7

Questions
Open
Last book you have read?
Semistuctured
What is you nationality?
Ukrainian
Russian
Other_______________
Structured
Mark your attitude

towards political party X on the scale
Where 1 is very positive – 7 is very negative
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Слайд 8

How to formulate questions?
Whether everyone would be able to understand question

and answer?
Whether everyone would be able to understand question same way?
Whether everyone would be willing to answer the question?

Слайд 9

Length of the questionnaire
Price
Time
Number of non-response
Quality of answers

Слайд 10

Field work
We can not change questions during the fieldwork
Big number of

non-responses
Possible unpleasant experience

Слайд 11

Qualitative research

Слайд 12

Definition
Qualitative research is an interpretative approach concerned with understanding the meanings

which people attach to phenomena (actions, decisions, beliefs, values etc.) within their social worlds. (J.Ritchie & J.Lewis: 2003)
Qualitative research is usually interested in three sings: social routines, their conditions, and the subjective experiences of those, who take part in them. (Carspecken & Cordeiro, 1995)

Слайд 13

Important features
Aims are directed at providing in-depth and interpreted understanding of

the social world of research participants
Importance of participants’ frames of reference
Volume and richness of qualitative data; data are very detailed, information rich and extensive
Output tends to focus on the interpretation of social meaning through mapping and “re-presenting” the social world of research participants.

Слайд 14

In-depth interview

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In-depth interview: definition
Form of conversation with a purpose (~1,5-2 hours).
Provides

an opportunity for detailed investigation of people’s personal perspectives, for in-depth understanding of the personal context within which the research phenomena are located, and for VERY DETAILED SUBJECT COVERAGE.

Слайд 16

In-depth interview: types
Structured – scenario of an interview is based on

a detailed list of content mapping questions
(-) researcher is imposing his/her understanding of social phenomena on interviewee
(+) easy to compare
(+) relatively easy to conduct

Слайд 17

In-depth interview: types
Semistructured – scenario of an interview is based on

broadly defined thematic lines, no specific questions are defined
(“childhood”, “education”, “work”, “family”)
(-) more difficult to compare big number of interviews
(-) more difficult for unskilled interviewers
(+) allows a lot of flexibility, gives more “voice” to narrator

Слайд 18

In-depth interview: types
Unstructured – 3 stages.
I stage – no questions

with an exception of an opening one (Tell me the story of our life…)
II stage – only narrative questions are allowed (You told that …,)
III stage – other questions. Limited number of prepared questions of any character are allowed.

Слайд 19

In-depth interview: types
(-) difficult to compare big number of interviews
(-) even

more difficult to conduct for unskilled interviewers
(+) allows a lot of flexibility, gives more “voice” to narrator
(+) this type of interview gives us much deeper understanding of what is really important, what really matters to our respondents

Слайд 20

Focus group discussion

Слайд 21

Focus group discussion: definition
FGD – involves several (6-10) participants brought together

to discuss the research topic as a group. Provides an opportunity for direct and explicit discussion of differences as it emerges in the group.
We study more opinions, but in comparison to an in-depth interview less questions can be asked

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Observation

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Participant observation
Participant observation – researcher joins the constituent study population or

its organizational or community setting to record actions, interactions and events that occur.
(+) we can study and experience social phenomena in their natural setting
(-) time-consuming, rises many ethical issues

Слайд 24

Observation
Observation – offers opportunity to record and analyze behavior and interactions

as they occur, although not as a member of the study population.
Autoethnography - “ ‘figural anthropology’ of the self” (Lionnet, 1991), “generative autobiography” (Alexander, 2000).

Слайд 25

Textual analysis

Слайд 26

Textual analysis: types
Conversational analysis involves a detailed examination of “talk interactions”

to determine how conversation is constructed and enacted. The aim is to investigate social intercourse, as it occurs in natural settings, is “an attempt to describe peoples methods for producing orderly social interaction” (Silverman, 2001)

Слайд 27

Textual analysis: types
Discourse analysis is “concerned with texts as social practices”.

It alerts us to the intimate connections between meaning, power and knowledge (Potter & Wetherell, 1987).

Слайд 28

Textual analysis: types
Content analysis “claims to offer an “objective”, “systematic” and

“quantitative” analysis of documentary content” (Ball, 1992). It allows to examine the major elements or categories present in, and communicated by certain texts as well as to compare frequencies of those categories.

Слайд 29

Content-analysis
However, content analysis does not allow the possibility for a researcher

to uncover variability in the construction of different texts, to compare it and to assess the functions this variation is framing.
Nor does it take into account motives for the reproduction of a specific theme or/and context in which these themes were reproduced. It also fragments and decontextualizes data.

Слайд 30

Sampling

Слайд 31

Sampling
Qualitative research uses non-probability sampling, where units are deliberately selected to

reflect particular features of or groups within the sampled population.

Слайд 32

METHODS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESARCH

Содержание

QUANTITATIVE METHODS

SamplingProbability sampling

What to measure?KnowledgeAttitudesPossible activity

Steps to create questionnaire Defining aim and objectivesDefining theoretical approachList of

QuestionsOpenLast book you have read?SemistucturedWhat is you nationality?UkrainianRussianOther_______________Structured Mark your attitude

How to formulate questions?Whether everyone would be able to understand question

Length of the questionnairePriceTimeNumber of non-responseQuality of answers

Field workWe can not change questions during the fieldworkBig number of

Qualitative research

DefinitionQualitative research is an interpretative approach concerned with understanding the meanings

Important featuresAims are directed at providing in-depth and interpreted understanding of

In-depth interview

In-depth interview: definitionForm of conversation with a purpose (~1,5-2 hours). Provides

In-depth interview: typesStructured – scenario of an interview is based on

In-depth interview: typesSemistructured – scenario of an interview is based on

In-depth interview: typesUnstructured – 3 stages. I stage – no questions

In-depth interview: types(-) difficult to compare big number of interviews(-) even