Clauses of purpose

card today so that it gets there on Sam’s birthday

formal

НЕЛЬЗЯ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАТЬ NOT TO ТОЛЬКО КОНСТРУКЦИИ

in order not to ИЛИ so as not to

early to avoid being late for work.
He chained the dog up to prevent it (from) biting kids.
so that
He got the taxi so that he wouldn’t be late.
in order not to
so as not to
He left early so as not to miss the train.

ИНФИНИТИВ

ПОЛНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ

СУЩУСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ
ГЕРУНДИЙ (-ING FORM)

need them so that I can cook food.
I’m taking them so as not to eat at restaurants and waste money.
It’s for putting nails in the wall.
I use it so that I can keep up with current events.
I need it to take photos.

bought sweets in case her grandchildren visited her

…to make it taste better.

…so as not to run out

…in case some students didn’t understand

…so that nobody could/would read it.

as many ways as possible.
He left early. He wanted to catch the train.
so that/ to avoid/to/in order not to/with a view to/in case/so that
…so that he could/would catch the train.
…to avoid missing the train.
…in order not to miss the train.
…with the view to catching the train.
…in case he missed the train.
…so that he wouldn’t miss the train.
2. He revised hard for the test. He wanted to succeed.
3. I won’t leave the flat. Bob may call.

fingerprints. (so that)
He doesn’t carry a lot of cash. He might get robbed. (avoid)
She saved money. She wanted to buy a house. ( with a view to)
I ran. I wanted to catch the bus. (to)
She gave him her phone number. Then he could ring her. (so that)
Let’s buy some Cola. We may have guests. (in case)
This is a tin opener. You use it to open tins. (for)
The little boy hid. He thought he would be punished. (so as not to)
She locked the diamond in the safe. Someone might steal it. (prevent)
He usually takes the bus. He doesn’t want to spend money on petrol. (in order not to)

TEST

been studying so hard that she’s passed her exams successfully

PURPOSE

I entered the university so that I could get a good job in future.
She works out so that she will be fit for summer holidays.

birds were singing. It was such a beautiful day in May.
The movie Shrek is so good it's unbelievable.
It was such a shame you couldn't come to Laura's party.
The ending of the film was so sad I couldn't help crying.
Try the cake. It's so delicious.
I really want you to meet Andy. He's such a funny guy.
My internet connection is so slow it's unbearable.
He’s such an idiot! I can’t stand him any more.
There were so many people at the concert that we couldn't get seats.
It was such a relief to finally finish all my exams.

SUCH/SO

предложение

RESULT

the fact that

полное предложение

On the grounds that
на основании того, что
Because/As/ Cause…
The reason why is that

полное предложение

главное предложение

Now (that) Because/As=Since

полное предложение

,

главное предложение

I took a taxi because it was raining. - Because it was raining, I took a taxi.
They bought him a gift as/since it was his birthday. As/Since it was his birthday, they bought him a gift.
Now (that) they have children, they have less free time.

For =because very formal
Всегда ПОСЛЕ главного предложения
Всегда выделяется ЗАПЯТОЙ
The citizens of X. were upset, for a new factory was to build near their town.

внимание, поскольку.

His English is not bad, seeing that he has studied for only two years.
Его английский язык не так уж и плох, учитывая, что он изучает его всего два года.
Seeing that she got the hint, she's quite smart.
Похоже, она поняла намек, она довольно умная.

camp competition.
The flight was delayed. There was storm.
Ann bought a car. She had a lot of money.
Bob spent two weeks at the hospital. He had broken his leg.

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