Содержание
- 2. Lecture 2 Methods and Procedures of Lexicological Research Contrast is the occurance of different elements to
- 3. Plan 1. Scientific standard – theory – method 2. Stages of linguistic investigation 3. Methods of
- 4. Scientific standard – theory – method Linguistics as an empirical science is supposed to be based
- 5. theory and model A theory is a system of hypotheses for describing and/or explaining a certain
- 6. induction a scientist must begin by collecting observations or produce data by experiments After he has
- 7. deduction The scientist has some ideas, some knowledge, or may be interested in a problem (including
- 8. ways of approaching data
- 9. Observation the process of scientific investigation in the field of lexicology may be subdivided into several
- 10. classification orderly arrangement of the data obtained through observation. e.g. it is observed that in English
- 11. generalization collection of data and their orderly arrangement must eventually lead to formulation of a hypothesis,
- 12. verifying process One of the fundamental tests of the validity of a generalization is whether or
- 13. Methods of analysis used in lexicology The research methods applied in lexicology have always been closely
- 14. Immediate constituents analysis The theory of Immediate Constituents (IC) was originally elaborated as an attempt to
- 15. Immediate constituents analysis Successive segmentation results in ultimate constituents (UC). i.e. two-facet units that cannot be
- 16. Immediate constituents analysis A sample analysis which has become almost classical, being repeated many times by
- 17. Immediate constituents analysis Thus at the first cut we obtain the following immediate constituents: un –
- 18. Immediate constituents analysis The two first stages of the analysis resulted in separating a free and
- 19. Immediate constituents analysis To sum up: as we break the word we obtain at any level
- 20. Distributional analysis In linguistics, distributional analysis is most commonly associated with the name of Zelig Harris.
- 21. Many problems with his approach are well known: the neglect of semantic aspects of language and
- 22. Z. Harris In his theory, the analysis of distributional data consists of two steps: „the setting
- 23. Z. Harris For example, a and an can be grouped into one class „indefinite articleˮ since
- 24. Distributional analysis in its various forms is commonly used nowadays and is treated on the level
- 25. Distributional analysis It is assumed that the meaning of any lexical unit may be viewed as
- 26. Distributional analysis Thus it can be observed that in a number of cases words have different
- 27. Distributional analysis Compare also the meaning of the adjective ill in different distributional structures, e.g. ill
- 28. Distributional analysis not only words in word-groups but also whole word-groups may acquire a certain denotational
- 29. Distributional analysis Distributional pattern as such seems to possess a component of meaning not to be
- 30. Distributional analysis The distributional pattern itself seems to impart this meaning to the whole irrespective of
- 31. Distributional analysis To conclude, distribution defined as the occurrence of a lexical unit relative to other
- 32. Transformational analysis repatterning of various distributional structures in order to discover difference or sameness of meaning
- 33. Transformational analysis e. g. A pattern "possessive pronoun "+"noun"(his car , his failure , his arrest,
- 34. Transformational analysis The rules of transformation are rather strict and shouldn't be identified with paraphrasing in
- 35. Transformational analysis I.Permutation - the repatterning on condition that the basic subordinative relationships between words and
- 36. Transformational analysis II. Replacement - the substitution of a component of the distributional structure by a
- 37. Transformational analysis III. Addition (or expansion) may be illustrated by the application of the procedure of
- 38. Transformational analysis IV. Deletion - a procedure which shows whether one of the words semantically subordinated
- 39. Componental analysis an attempt to describe the meaning of words in terms of a universal inventory
- 40. Componental analysis e. g. In the lexical item "woman" several sememes may be singled out ,
- 41. Componental analysis Componental analysis is practically always combined with transformational procedures or statistical analysis .The combination
- 42. Statistical analysis Modern structural ways of analysis are often combined with statistical procedures making the whole
- 43. Statistical analysis Computation is useful only if it follows certain rules of mathematical statistics; the scholar
- 44. Statistical analysis A single observation may not be reliable, whereas a correctly executed statistical study shows
- 45. Statistical analysis Probably the best known result so far achieved in the field of statistical linguistics
- 46. Statistical analysis Successful efforts have been made to apply certain statistical techniques to the study of
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