Stylistics of the English Language 11.Outline

Июль 23, 2022

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Stylistics of the English Language 11.Outline

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2. Outline Syntactical Stylistic Means Major principles at work on the sentence level: Interaction – Zeugma, Detachment,
3. Zeugma a figure of speech in which a word, usually a verb or an adjective, applies
4. Zeugma helps to produce a dramatic effect: “Who sees with equal eye, as God of all,
5. Zeugma lends an ironic/humorous twist to the utterance: “We were partners, not soul mates, two separate
6. Zeugma adds vividness and conciseness to texts: “She lowered her standards by raising her glass, Her
7. Detachment words, phrases or syntactical structures which interrupt the main sentence without affecting it: ‘In those
8. Detachment: Functions specifies and characterizes the details of the statement: ‘The whole point, he thought, is
9. Detachment : Functions intensifies the fact contained in a message; gives it a lively and palpable
10. Emphatic Constructions “do” as a predicate intensifier the subject intensifier - it is smb/smth who/that +verb…:
11. Emphatic Constructions: Functions lend intensity or contrast to a certain part of the sentence give an
12. Task 1 Detachment, Zeugma, Emphatic Constructions ‘That evening it was Dave who read to the boys
13. The principle of Interaction and The technique of Convergence interaction is a general principle convergence is
14. Convergence (Stylistics) the co-occurrence at a point in a text of a cluster of several stylistic
15. Task 2 Convergence “Tell all the Truth, but tell it slant (oblique, sloping) – Success in
16. Task 2 Convergence Analysis Message: the poetess is being ironic about the imperfect human nature desiring
17. Convergence (Syntax) a group of several syntactic elements, having a similar function in the sentence and
18. Syntactical Transposition the phenomenon when the contextual meaning of the syntactical structure contradicts the grammatical meaning
19. Syntactical Transposition: types the affirmative/declarative utterance is transposed to the interrogative, with the connotation of surprise/doubt/disappointment
20. Syntactical Transposition: types the interrogative utterance is transposed to the affirmative forming the so called rhetorical
21. Syntactical Transposition: types tag questions often represent rhetorical questions: “Today we read a stack of N-words
22. Rhetorical Questions: Functions attract attention to the message convince the audience convey the emotional tension elevate
23. Syntactical Transposition: types in science prose and media discourse some questions resemble rhetorical ones, however, their
24. Syntactical Transposition: types the interrogative utterance is transposed to the exclamatory, with the expressivity highlighted: “Wasn’t
25. Syntactical Transposition: phraseological schemes (Shmelev D.N.) the affirmative utterances are transposed to the negative ones: “Did
26. Syntactical Transposition: phraseological units the imperative affirmative utterances are transposed to the negative ones: “Catch him
27. Syntactical Transposition: phraseological units the negative utterances are transposed to the affirmative ones: “If this isn’t
28. Syntactical Stylistic Means (Summary) based on 4 major principles (inversion, repetition, omission, interaction) the transposition of
29. Check Yourself Test Surgeons must be very careful When they take the knife! Underneath their fine
30. Check Yourself Test ‘This was one of the differences between the three of us and our
31. Check Yourself Test “There were three of us, and he now made the fourth. We hadn’t
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Outline
Syntactical Stylistic Means
Major principles at work on the sentence level:
Interaction –

Zeugma, Detachment, Emphatic Constructions
Interaction and Convergence
Syntactical “transposition”

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Zeugma
a figure of speech in which a word, usually a verb or

an adjective, applies to more than one noun, blending together grammatically and logically different ideas:
‘[They] covered themselves with dust and glory.’
[Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer]

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Zeugma
helps to produce a dramatic effect:
“Who sees with equal eye, as

God of all, A hero perish, or a sparrow fall, Atoms or systems into ruin hurled, And now a bubble burst, and now a world.”
[Alexander Pope, Essay on Man ]

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Zeugma
lends an ironic/humorous twist to the utterance:
“We were partners, not

soul mates, two separate people who happened to be sharing a menu and a life.”
[Amy Tan, The Hundred Secret Senses]

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Zeugma
adds vividness and conciseness to texts:
“She lowered her standards by

raising her glass, Her courage, her eyes and his hopes.”
[Flanders and Swann, Have Some Madeira, M’Dear]

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Detachment
words, phrases or syntactical structures which interrupt the main sentence without

affecting it:
‘In those days – up to the age of 23, in actual fact – he lived with his parents on Princedale Avenue, on the outskirts of Latham (about twenty minutes on foot from where he was living now, already well into his fifties).’
[Adam Thorpe, Glow (2005)]
marked phonetically (pauses) and set off by graphical means - brackets, dashes or commas
relatively independent of the sentence they are inserted in

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Detachment: Functions
specifies and characterizes the details of the statement:
‘The whole point,

he thought, is that it’s related to pleasure which is incoherent -- no, illogical. ’
[Adam Thorpe, Glow (2005)]
may have an evaluative meaning:
‘She was lovely: all of her – delightful.’
[Theodore Dreiser, The Financier (1912)]

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Detachment : Functions
intensifies the fact contained in a message; gives it

a lively and palpable colouring:
‘And sometimes with the sensation a cat must feel when it purrs, he would become conscious that Megan's eyes -- those dew-gray eyes -- were fixed on him with a sort of lingering soft look.’
[John Galsworthy, The Forsyte Saga (1922)]

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Emphatic Constructions
“do” as a predicate intensifier
the subject intensifier - it is

smb/smth who/that +verb…:
“It is Glenn who was responsible for that.”
the object intensifier - it is (to) that/smth (there) that +subj+verb…:
“It is the work he did that attracted her.”
the adverbial intensifier - it is then that…/ it is by/with/through smth that…:
“It is through struggle that he achieved his goal.”

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Emphatic Constructions: Functions
lend intensity or contrast to a certain part of

the sentence
give an emotive charge to the utterance

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Task 1 Detachment, Zeugma, Emphatic Constructions
‘That evening it was Dave who

read to the boys their bed-time story.’ [D.Carter]
‘ It was when my brother P.G.Pig was born that my mother broke her own rule.’ [Hilary Mantel, Destroyed (2003)]
‘It is the night-time that I like best. After 8:00 I know where he is, I know my father is safe.’ [Kate Pullinger, My Mother, My Father, and Me (1997)]
He easily made money and friends.
“Night came. I was a good child and an ambitious one, and I did what I was told, though when I was sleepy the prayers and the times tables got mixed up. Three sevens are twenty one. Hail, holy queen, mother of mercy. Four sevens are twenty eight. Hail our life, our sweetness and our hope. Five sevens are thirty-five. To thee do we cry, poor banished children of Eve, mourning and weeping in this vale (юдоль, долина) of tears.” [H.Mantel, EWL, 87]

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The principle of Interaction and The technique of Convergence
interaction is a general

principle
convergence is a particular stylistic technique within the branch of decoding stylistic

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Convergence (Stylistics)
the co-occurrence at a point in a text of a

cluster of several stylistic devices in order to foreground a particular idea or produce a desirable effect
the term was first used by Michael Riffaterre (1924-2006)

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Task 2 Convergence
“Tell all the Truth, but tell it slant

(oblique, sloping) –
Success in Circuit lies
Too bright for our infirm Delight
The Truth’s superb surprise”
[Emily Dickinson (1830-1886), American poet,]

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Task 2 Convergence Analysis
Message: the poetess is being ironic about the

imperfect human nature desiring the truth on the one hand and being unable to bear it on the other
Phonographical level: in order to endow the verse with philosophical-existential sense, the poetess uses unconventional punctuation – no commas or periods; capitalisation - the purpose of emphasis; t- and s-alliteration and consonance
Lexico-semantic level: the idea of completeness of feeling (all the Truth, too bright, delight, superb) is juxtaposed with the idea of lack of something (slant, infirm); the use of contextual antonyms (INFIRM delight – SUPERB surprise) to highlight the incapacity of humans to encompass the Truth’s superbness; Truth is personified to be placed on a level with humans (the Truth’s surprise);
Grammatical level: elliptical construction – to foreground the main idea (“too bright for our delight… surprise”); semi-marked structure in the parallel first line (anaphora) - tell all the truth, but tell it SLANT (an adjective is used instead of an adverb)

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Convergence (Syntax)
a group of several syntactic elements, having a similar function

in the sentence and united by one subordinating word or clause (ex., homogeneous parts of the sentence):
“In Alaskan igloos, in Swiss chalets, and Spanish casas, in tenements (a building divided into separate flats), palaces, split level ranch houses – every place in the world where men and children come home to sleep, or eat, or brag of their exploits, or plan excursions, or be comforted, housewives are concocting that comfort.”
[Arnold 2010, p.256]

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Syntactical Transposition
the phenomenon when the contextual meaning of the syntactical

structure contradicts the grammatical meaning of the structure in question is called syntactical transposition
[adapted from Arnold 2010]

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Syntactical Transposition: types
the affirmative/declarative utterance is transposed to the interrogative, with

the connotation of surprise/doubt/disappointment rendered (common in everyday speech):
“Erica: I can't believe it. Julianne is insecure?
Tom: Sometimes a cigar is not just a cigar.
Erica: But why? I mean, she is so competent and she's so experienced.”
[Being Erica, a Canadian series, S04E02]

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Syntactical Transposition: types
the interrogative utterance is transposed to the affirmative forming

the so called rhetorical question:
«Romanies are mothers and fathers, just like us. Romanies want what they believe is best for their children, just like us. (…) We are all Christians. Indeed, without a permanent site, how will Romanies ever be taught the responsibilities of citizenship? How else will they be taught that law and order guarantee their children a brighter future than begging, horse-dealing and petty crime?»
[D.Mitchell, Black Swan Green, p. 289]

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Syntactical Transposition: types
tag questions often represent rhetorical questions:
“Today we read a

stack of N-words from the dictionary, one by one. The Metro Gnome does make speaking easy, as easy as singing, but I can hardly carry one around with me, can I?”
[D.Mitchell, Black Swan Green, p. 37]

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Rhetorical Questions: Functions
attract attention to the message
convince the audience
convey the emotional

tension
elevate the utterance
put emphasis on the idea

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Syntactical Transposition: types
in science prose and media discourse some questions resemble

rhetorical ones, however, their function is to provoke the reader’s thought rather than elevate the utterance:
“There is nothing more dangerous to contemplate than World War III. It is worth considering whether part of the danger may not be intrinsic in the unguarded use of learning machines. Again and again I have heard the statement that learning machines can not subject us to any new dangers, because we can turn them off when we feel like it. But can we? To turn a machine off effectively, we must be in possession of information as to whether the danger point has come.”
[N. Wiener.Cybernetics, from Arnold 2010]

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Syntactical Transposition: types
the interrogative utterance is transposed to the exclamatory, with

the expressivity highlighted:
“Wasn’t it wonderful!”
“Aren’t you ashamed of yourself!”

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Syntactical Transposition: phraseological schemes (Shmelev D.N.)
the affirmative utterances are transposed to

the negative ones:
“Did you give her my regards?” I asked him. “Yeah.” The hell he did, the bastard.
“Doesn’t it tempt you?” “Tempt me, hell!”
[J.Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, from Arnold 2010]

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Syntactical Transposition: phraseological units
the imperative affirmative utterances are transposed to the

negative ones:
“Catch him tripping!” - “Его на ошибке не поймаешь.”
[from Arnold 2010, p.229]

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Syntactical Transposition: phraseological units
the negative utterances are transposed to the affirmative

ones:
“If this isn’t Captain Donnithorne a-coming into the yard!”
[G.Eliot, from Arnold 2010, p.230]

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Syntactical Stylistic Means (Summary)
based on
4 major principles (inversion, repetition, omission, interaction)
the

transposition of the meaning of the syntactical structure in a certain context (rhetorical questions)
the effect can be deduced from the broader context
graphical means are important to consider in order to understand the function of the syntactical means used

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Check Yourself Test
Surgeons must be very careful
When they take the knife!
Underneath

their fine incisions
Stirs the Culprit – Life!
[Emily Dickinson, American poet, (1830-1886) ]

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Check Yourself Test
‘This was one of the differences between the three

of us and our new friend. We were essentially taking the piss, except when we were serious. He was essentially serious, except when he was taking the piss. It took us a while to work this out.’
[Julian Barnes, The Sense of an Ending (2011)]

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Check Yourself Test
“There were three of us, and he now made

the fourth. We hadn’t expected to add to our tight number: cliques and pairings had happened long before, and we were already beginning to imagine our escape from school into life. His name was Adrian Finn, a tall, shy boy who initially kept his eyes down and his mind to himself. For the first day or two, we took little notice of him: at our school there was no welcoming ceremony, let alone its opposite, the punitive induction. We just registered his presence and waited.”
[Julian Barnes, The Sense of an Ending (2011)]

Stylistics of the English Language 11.Outline

Содержание

OutlineSyntactical Stylistic MeansMajor principles at work on the sentence level:Interaction –

Zeugmaa figure of speech in which a word, usually a verb or

Zeugmahelps to produce a dramatic effect:“Who sees with equal eye, as

Zeugmalends an ironic/humorous twist to the utterance: “We were partners, not

Zeugmaadds vividness and conciseness to texts: “She lowered her standards by

Detachmentwords, phrases or syntactical structures which interrupt the main sentence without

Detachment: Functionsspecifies and characterizes the details of the statement:‘The whole point,

Detachment : Functionsintensifies the fact contained in a message; gives it

Emphatic Constructions“do” as a predicate intensifierthe subject intensifier - it is

Emphatic Constructions: Functionslend intensity or contrast to a certain part of

Task 1 Detachment, Zeugma, Emphatic Constructions‘That evening it was Dave who

The principle of Interaction and The technique of Convergence interaction is a general

Convergence (Stylistics)the co-occurrence at a point in a text of a

Task 2 Convergence “Tell all the Truth, but tell it slant

Task 2 Convergence AnalysisMessage: the poetess is being ironic about the

Convergence (Syntax)a group of several syntactic elements, having a similar function

Syntactical Transposition the phenomenon when the contextual meaning of the syntactical

Syntactical Transposition: typesthe affirmative/declarative utterance is transposed to the interrogative, with

Syntactical Transposition: typesthe interrogative utterance is transposed to the affirmative forming

Syntactical Transposition: typestag questions often represent rhetorical questions:“Today we read a

Rhetorical Questions: Functionsattract attention to the messageconvince the audienceconvey the emotional

Syntactical Transposition: typesin science prose and media discourse some questions resemble

Syntactical Transposition: typesthe interrogative utterance is transposed to the exclamatory, with

Syntactical Transposition: phraseological schemes (Shmelev D.N.)the affirmative utterances are transposed to

Syntactical Transposition: phraseological unitsthe imperative affirmative utterances are transposed to the

Syntactical Transposition: phraseological unitsthe negative utterances are transposed to the affirmative

Syntactical Stylistic Means (Summary)based on 4 major principles (inversion, repetition, omission, interaction)the

Check Yourself TestSurgeons must be very carefulWhen they take the knife!Underneath

Check Yourself Test‘This was one of the differences between the three

Check Yourself Test“There were three of us, and he now made

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