Point for Discussion. Lecture 7

Август 10, 2022

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Point for Discussion. Lecture 7

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2. AIMS: to discuss the types and sources of ME lexical changes; to explore the Latin influence
3. LECTURE 7. POINT FOR DISCUSSION The Origins of ME Lexicon Types and Sources of Changes Scandinavian
4. RECOMMENDED LITERATURE: David Crystal. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language— Holyheard. — 1994.—P. 46-49. Simon
5. INTRODUCTION According to the estimates made by modern philologists, in the course of the thousand years
6. 1. THE ORIGINS OF ME LEXICON
7. INHERITANCE AND BORROWING The core lexicon of ME – that is, the set of words which
8. Reasons of hospitality of loan-words are as follows: 1) a large-scale contact between English-speakers and users
9. 2. TYPES AND SOURCES OF CHANGES
10. THE CHANGES IN THE VOCABULARY
11. LOSSES OF WORDS OR THEIR MEANINGS Some regulations and institutions of OE kingdoms were cancelled or
12. LOSSES OF WORDS OR THEIR MEANINGS The specific OE poetic vocabulary, went out of use together
13. REPLACEMENTS Replacements could also occur in the sphere of content: the word was retained but its
14. ADDITIONS Most replacements belonged to the “split”-type: one item was replaced by two or more, or
15. ADDITIONS They have several forms: pure innovations, which were created to name new things e.g. ME
16. THE SOURCES OF NEW WORDS The sources of new words are usually divided into internal (productive)
17. THE RATIO BETWEEN GERMANIC WORDS AND FOREIGN WORD IS: 30 % : 70 %
18. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SURVIVING NATIVE WORDS The surviving native words belong to the most frequent
19. BORROWINGS IN THE ME PERIOD
20. 3. SCANDINAVIAN INFLUENCE ON THE VOCABULARY
21. Scandinavian loans cause a meaning shift in the original: e.g., gift originally meant ‘payment for a
22. Norse has supplied English with the third person pronoun, THEY/ THEM / THEIR. The Present-Day English
24. 4. FRENCH INFLUENCE ON THE VOCABULARY IN MIDDLE ENGLISH
25. THE FRENCH BORROWINGS OF THE ME PERIOD
26. THE WORDS RELATING TO THE GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
27. MILITARY, FOOD, DRINK, FASHION
28. LEISURE, THE ARTS, SCIENCE, HOUSE
29. MISCELLANEOUS
30. DIFFERENT KINDS OF CHANGES IN THE VOCABULARY Firstly, there were many innovations, i.e. names of new
32. 5. BORROWINGS FROM LATIN IN THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD
33. BORROWINGS FROM LATIN The Latin language continued to be used in England all through the OE
35. 6. NEW WORD FORMATION
36. NEW WORD FORMATION New compounds in -er were especially frequent in the 14th c.: e.g. bricklayer,
37. NEW WORD FORMATION The development of conversion as a new type of derivation. Owing to the
38. SEMANTIC CHANGES IN THE LEXIS
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AIMS:
to discuss the types and sources of ME lexical changes;
to explore

the Latin influence up to the end of the Middle English period;
to present evidence for extensive Scandinavian influence during Middle English;
to discuss the influence of French loans after 1066;
to examine new types of word formation.

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LECTURE 7. POINT FOR DISCUSSION
The Origins of ME Lexicon
Types and Sources

of Changes
Scandinavian Influence on the Vocabulary
French Influence on the Vocabulary in Middle English
Borrowings from Latin in the Middle English period
New Word Formation

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RECOMMENDED LITERATURE:
David Crystal. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language— Holyheard.

— 1994.—P. 46-49.
Simon Horobin and Jeremy Smith. An Introduction to Middle English. Edinburgh University Press.—2002.—P. 69-88.
Valery V. Mykhailenko. Paradigmatics in the Evolution of English.— Chernivtsi.—1999.—P. 116-118; 122-123; 127-130.
T.A. Rastorguyeva. A History orang/isb.—Moscow.— 1983.— P. 296-306.
L.Verba. History of the English Language.— Nova KNYHA.— 2004.— P. 144-151.
Elly van Gelderen. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam/Philadelphia.—2006. P. 95-106; 132-133.

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INTRODUCTION
According to the estimates made by modern philologists, in the course

of the thousand years — from OE to modern times — the English vocabulary has multiplied tenfold. Perhaps, if it were possible to count all the meanings expressed by lexical items in different historical periods, the figure would be much higher.
Borrowings played a much greater role in Middle English than in Old English. They came from two sources: Scandinavian and French.

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1. THE ORIGINS OF ME LEXICON

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INHERITANCE AND BORROWING
The core lexicon of ME – that is, the

set of words which have the most widespread currency – derives from OE and the bulk of the OE lexicon was, in turn, inherited from Proto-Germanic.
This last component included words which have no cognate in the other Indo-European languages, and which presumably either entered Germanic through early contact with non-Indo-European languages now extinct, or are forms whose cognates have simply not survived in those languages, for example
wīf WOMAN, drincan DRINK
(cf. Present-Day French la femme WOMAN, boire DRINK).

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Reasons of hospitality of loan-words are as follows:
1) a large-scale contact

between English-speakers and users of other languages, notably varieties of Norse and French;
2) the ‘Latin renaissance’ of the 12th c. meant widespread use of Latin for documentary purposes, and thus the potential for greater ‘leakage from Latin into ME;
3) Since ME was a much less inflected language than OE, it was easier to adopt words from foreign languages.

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2. TYPES AND SOURCES OF CHANGES

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THE CHANGES IN THE VOCABULARY

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LOSSES OF WORDS OR THEIR MEANINGS
Some regulations and institutions of OE

kingdoms were cancelled or forgotten in the ME period.
e.g. OE witenaʒemot 'assembly of the elders' ceased to exist under the Norman rule
Some rituals of the religion were abandoned after the introduction of Christianity.
e.g. OE tiber, blōt which meant ‘sacrifice’
In OE there were many groups of synonyms whose differentiation became irrelevant in ME; therefore some of the synonyms fell out of use.
e.g. OE here, fierd, werod indicated an armed force, an army. They were all replaced by the ME borrowings from French army, troop

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LOSSES OF WORDS OR THEIR MEANINGS
The specific OE poetic vocabulary, went

out of use together with the genre of OE poetry.
Losses could also affect the plane of content. Though the words survived, some of its meanings became obsolete.
e.g. OE ʒift had the meaning ‘price of a wife' connected with one of the early meanings of the verb ʒyfan (NE give) 'give in marriage’
From 80 to 85% of the OE words went out of use in the succeeding periods. Most of them were replaced by other words of the same or similar meanings.

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REPLACEMENTS
Replacements could also occur in the sphere of content: the word

was retained but its meaning was changed or was replaced by a new meaning
e.g. OE cniht ‘boy, servant’ changed its meaning to ME and NE knight
Sometimes the meanings of the word changed when its referent (the thing it denoted) underwent some kind of changes
e.g. ME carre ‘wheeled vehicle’ now indicates a motor car or part of a train (sleeping car), NE car, Early ME carriage

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ADDITIONS
Most replacements belonged to the “split”-type: one item was replaced by

two or more, or one meaning differentiated into several meanings.
These changes should be classified as additions to the vocabulary.

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ADDITIONS
They have several forms:
pure innovations, which were created to name new

things
e.g. ME citee ‘town with a cathedral’, duke, duchesse, prynce — new ranks and titles;
NE bourgeois, potato, nylon
differentiation of synonyms
e.g. OE neah, near, neara
> ME neer, its ME synonyms were cloos and adjacent,
NE near, close, adjacent, neighbouring
polysemy and homonymy
e.g. OE craeft meant ‘science’, ‘skill’, 'strength';
> in ME and NE craft lost the meaning ‘science’ but acquired new meanings ‘group of skilled workers, guild’

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THE SOURCES OF NEW WORDS
The sources of new words are usually

divided into internal (productive) and external.
The language of later periods absorbed foreign words by the hundred and even made use of foreign word components in word formation.

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THE RATIO BETWEEN GERMANIC WORDS AND FOREIGN WORD IS: 30 %

: 70 %

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THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SURVIVING NATIVE WORDS
The surviving native words belong

to the most frequent layer of words, and native components are widely used in word-building, in word phrases and phraseological units.
When the loan-words were assimilated by the language they could yield other words through word-formation or develop new meanings on British soil.
e.g. the foreign root pass (from French passer) is used in numerous composite verbs like pass away, pass by, pass for, pass through, etc.; in phraseological units like pass by the name of, pass a remark, pass the ball; in derived and compound words, e.g. passer-by, passing, pass-book.
All these words and phrases originated in the English language and cannot be treated as borrowings, though they contain the foreign component pass.

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BORROWINGS IN THE ME PERIOD

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3. SCANDINAVIAN INFLUENCE ON THE VOCABULARY

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Scandinavian loans cause a meaning shift in the original:
e.g., gift

originally meant ‘payment for a wife’ but the ON had shifted and caused the change; dream means ‘joy’ in OE, but becomes ‘vision in sleep’ in ME;
Other shifts:
N die-E starve;
N skill-E craft;
N skin-E hide;
N ill-E sick.

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Norse has supplied English with the third person pronoun,
THEY/ THEM

/ THEIR.
The Present-Day English pronoun SHE seems to derive from a blend of OE hēo with a Norse-type pronunciation *hjō, which subsequently developed into ME scho (Northern) and sche (Southern).

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4. FRENCH INFLUENCE ON THE VOCABULARY IN MIDDLE ENGLISH

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THE FRENCH BORROWINGS OF THE ME PERIOD

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THE WORDS RELATING TO THE GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

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MILITARY, FOOD, DRINK, FASHION

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LEISURE, THE ARTS, SCIENCE, HOUSE

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MISCELLANEOUS

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DIFFERENT KINDS OF CHANGES IN THE VOCABULARY
Firstly, there were many innovations,

i.e. names of new objects and concepts, which enlarged the vocabulary by adding new items.
Secondly, there were numerous replacements of native words by French equivalents, which resulted in a shift in the ratio of Germanic and Romance roots in the language.
The influx of French words is one of the main historical reasons for the abundance of synonyms in Mod E. The difference often lies in their stylistic connotations: French loan-words preserve a more bookish, literary character
French commence — native begin, conceal — hide, prevent — hinder, search — look for, odour — smell, desire — wish.
The vocabulary was also enriched by the adoption of French affixes.

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5. BORROWINGS FROM LATIN IN THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD

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BORROWINGS FROM LATIN
The Latin language continued to be used in

England all through the OE and ME.
The main spheres of the Latin language were the Church, the law courts and academic activities.

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6. NEW WORD FORMATION

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NEW WORD FORMATION
New compounds in -er were especially frequent in the

14th c.:
e.g. bricklayer, housekeeper, moneymaker, soothsayer.
Compounds of the type he-lamb date from c.1300.
Adjectives examples include:
e.g. luke-warm, moth-eaten, new-born, red-hot.
Phrasal verbs: go out, (alongside outgo), fall by-befallen.
Affixation: Only a few prefixes of OE continued into ME. But new affixes appeared instead. The suffix -able from such French borrowings as admirable, tolerable, came to be used with native Germanic roots as well: eatable, readable, bearable. Similarly, the Romance prefixes re-, en- in the words rewrite, endear.
Conversely, the native affixes were used with foreign roots: beautiful, charming, unfaithful.

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NEW WORD FORMATION
The development of conversion as a new type of

derivation. Owing to the levelling of endings and the loss of -n in unstressed syllables
e.g. OE ende and endian > ME ende ['endə]. OE lufu and lufian > ME love ['luvə].
Such cases of homonymy served as models for the creation of new nouns from verbs (smile v.—smile n.) and vice versa (chance n. chance v.).
Words which came into the language through prefixation can be seen in dis- items found in Chaucer:
e.g., disceyven — deceive; discorden — disagree; discuren — discover; disgysen —disguise.

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