Semasiology

Август 11, 2022

Содержание

2. Types of semantic relations There are four basic types of semantic relations: proximity, equivalence, inclusion, opposition.
3. Types of semantic relations beautiful extremely good-looking, much more so than most women pretty good-looking in
4. Types of semantic relations Semantic proximity implies that two (or more) words however different may enter
5. Types of semantic relations Semantic equivalence implies full similarity of meaning of two or more language
6. Types of semantic relations Inclusion exists between two words if the meaning of one word contains
7. Types of semantic relations The hyponymic relation may be viewed as the hierarchical relationship between the
8. Types of semantic relations Plant grass bush tree shrub flower pine oak ash maple white pine
9. Types of semantic relations The contrast of semantic features helps to establish the semantic relations of
10. Semantic classifications of words synonyms; lexical and terminological sets; lexico-semantic groups; semantic fields; antonyms.
11. Synonyms Synonyms are usually defined as two or more words of the same language, belonging to
12. Types of synonyms Total (absolute) synonyms E.g. inflexion – functional affix, linguistics – philology; The degree
13. Types of synonyms Stylistic synonyms E.g. girl (neutral), girlie (coll.), lassie, lass (dial.), bird, birdie, jane,
14. Types of synonyms Ideographic-stylistic synonymy E.g. ask — inquire, expect — anticipate. Contextual (or context-depending) synonyms
15. Types of synonyms Intensifying synonyms (relative synonyms) E.g. to ask – to beg – to implore;
16. Synonyms Syntactical distribution: alone can be used only predicatively; solitary and lonely can be used both
17. Synonyms. The synonymic dominant Characteristic features: its semantic structure is quite simple: it consists only of
18. Synonyms. The synonymic dominant leave — depart — quit — retire — clear out to make
19. Sources of Synonymy borrowing from another language; E.g. belly (Native) – stomach (French) – abdomen (Latin);
20. Lexical and terminological sets E.g. the words lion, tiger, leopard, puma, cat refer to the lexical
21. Lexico-semantic groups Words describing different sides of one and the same general notion are united in
22. Semantic fields E.g. the words cosmonaut (n), spacious (adj), to orbit (v) belong to the semantic
23. Antonyms Contradictories, e.g. dead — alive, single — married; not dead = alive; not single =
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Types of semantic relations
There are four basic types of semantic relations:

proximity,
equivalence,
inclusion,
opposition.

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Types of semantic relations
beautiful extremely good-looking, much more so than most

women
pretty good-looking in an ordinary way but not really beautiful or sexually exciting
attractive good-looking, especially in a way that makes you feel sexually interested
striking very attractive, especially because a woman has a particular feature, such as hair or eyes, that is beautiful and unusual
handsome good-looking in an unusual way, especially because a woman is tall or strong or looks as if she has a strong character

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Types of semantic relations
Semantic proximity implies that two (or more) words

however different may enter the semantic relations of proximity if they share certain semantic features, e.g. the words red and green share the semantic features of ‘colour’, ‘basic or rainbow colour’, ‘complementary colour’, etc.

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Types of semantic relations
Semantic equivalence implies full similarity of meaning of

two or more language units. Being an extreme case of semantic proximity it is qualitatively different from all other cases suggesting the existence of units different in form but having identical meaning, i.e. one and the same content side.
E.g. John is taller than Bill // Bill is shorter than John; stops // plosives

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Types of semantic relations
Inclusion exists between two words if the meaning

of one word contains the semantic features constituting the meaning of the other word. The semantic relations of inclusion are called hyponymic relations.
E.g. vehicle includes car, bus, taxi, tram;
flower includes daffodil, carnation, snowdrop, lily.

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Types of semantic relations
The hyponymic relation may be viewed as the

hierarchical relationship between the meanings of the general and the individual terms.
The general term — vehicle, tree, animal — is referred to as the classifier or the hyperonym.
The more specific term is called the hyponym (car, tram; oak, ash; cat, tortoise).

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Types of semantic relations
Plant
grass bush tree shrub flower
pine oak ash maple
white

pine yellow pine

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Types of semantic relations
The contrast of semantic features helps to establish

the semantic relations of opposition.
Polar oppositions

Relative oppositions
E.g. to leave – to arrive

E.g. rich — poor, dead — alive, young — old.

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Semantic classifications of words
synonyms;
lexical and terminological sets;
lexico-semantic groups;
semantic fields;
antonyms.

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Synonyms
Synonyms are usually defined as two or more words of the

same language, belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable, at least in some contexts without any considerable alteration in denotational meaning, but differing in morphemic composition, phonemic shape, shades of meaning, connotations, style, valency and idiomatic use. They are characterized by the semantic relations of equivalence or by the semantic relations of proximity.

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Types of synonyms
Total (absolute) synonyms
E.g. inflexion – functional affix, linguistics

– philology;
The degree of semantic proximity is best of all estimated in terms of the aspects of meaning, i.e. the denotational, the connotational, and the pragmatic aspect.
1. the difference in connotation E.g. famous // notorious;
2. the difference in the pragmatic value of words E.g. brotherly — fraternal, bodily — corporal.

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Types of synonyms
Stylistic synonyms
E.g. girl (neutral), girlie (coll.), lassie, lass

(dial.), bird, birdie, jane, fluff, skirt (sl.), maiden (poet.), damsel (arch.)
Ideographic synonyms
E.g. to smile – to have or make a smile – an expression of the face with the mouth turned up at the ends and the eyes bright, that usually expresses amusement, pleasure, approval, happiness; to grin – to make a wide smile, which usually shows the teeth; leer – is an unpleasant smile suggests cruelty, thoughts of sex; smirk – is a silly, satisfied smile;

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Types of synonyms
Ideographic-stylistic synonymy
E.g. ask — inquire, expect — anticipate.
Contextual

(or context-depending)
synonyms
E.g. ‘buy’ and ‘get’ in ‘I’ll go to the shop and buy some bread’ // I’ll go to the shop and get some bread;
‘bear’ and ‘stand’ in the negative form: ‘can’t bear’ and ‘can’t stand’.

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Types of synonyms
Intensifying synonyms (relative synonyms)
E.g. to ask – to

beg – to implore;
to like – to admire – to love – to adore – to worship;
gift – talent – genius;
to surprise – to astonish – to amaze – to astound;
to shout – to yell – to bellow – to roar.

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Synonyms
Syntactical distribution: alone can be used only predicatively; solitary and lonely

can be used both predicatively and attributively;
Morphological distribution: concerns the use of prepositions; E.g. to answer a question, but reply to a question;
Lexical distribution: is based on the difference in valency; E.g. to win/ gain a victory; but to win a war.

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Synonyms. The synonymic dominant
Characteristic features:
its semantic structure is quite simple:

it consists only of denotative component and it has no connotations;
neutral stylistic connotation;
the meaning is equal to the denotation common to all the synonymic group; it expresses the notion common to all the synonyms of the group in the most general way;
its meaning is broad and generalized, covers the meanings of the rest of synonyms, so that it may be substituted for any of them;
the highest frequency of use;
broad combinability, i.e. ability to be used in combinations with various classes of words.

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Synonyms. The synonymic dominant
leave — depart — quit — retire —

clear out
to make – to produce – to create – to fabricate – to manufacture;
to shine – to flash – to blaze – to gleam – to glisten – to sparkle – to glitter – to shimmer – to glimmer;
furious – angry– enraged;
terror – horror – fear.

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Sources of Synonymy
borrowing from another language; E.g. belly (Native) – stomach

(French) – abdomen (Latin); gather (Native) – assemble (French) – collect (Latin); end (Native) – finish (French) – complete (Latin);
borrowing from a territorial variant; radio – wireless;
borrowing from a dialect; E.g. girl – lass (Scottish); charm – glamour (Scottish); liquor – whiskey (Irish);
word-formation; E.g. memorandum – memo; vegetables – vegs; microphone – mike; popular song – pop song (due to shortening, mostly stylistic); commandment – command; laughter – laugh (conversion); anxiety – anxiousness; effectivity – effectiveness (affixation); amongst – among; await – wait (loss of affixes);
euphemistic transfers: sweat – perspiration; drunkenness – intoxication; naked – in one’s birthday suit; poor – unprivileged.

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Lexical and terminological sets
E.g. the words lion, tiger, leopard, puma, cat

refer to the lexical set of ‘the animals of the cat family’.
names of ‘musical instruments’: piano, organ, violin, drum;
names of ‘parts of the car mechanism’: radiator, motor, handbrake, wheels.

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Lexico-semantic groups
Words describing different sides of one and the same general

notion are united in a lexico-semantic group:
‘colours’ - pink, red, black, green, white;
‘ physical movement’ — to go, to turn, to run; ‘destruction’ — to ruin, to destroy, to explode, to kill.

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Semantic fields
E.g. the words cosmonaut (n), spacious (adj), to orbit (v)

belong to the semantic field of ‘space’ .
J. Trier’s (a German linguist; the beginning of the 20th century)

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Antonyms
Contradictories, e.g. dead — alive, single — married; not dead =

alive; not single = married.
Contraries, gradable antonyms, e.g. ‘old’ and ‘young’ are the most distant elements of the series: old – middle-aged – young; ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ form a series with intermediate ‘cool’ and ‘warm’.

Semasiology

Содержание

Types of semantic relations There are four basic types of semantic relations:

Types of semantic relationsbeautiful extremely good-looking, much more so than most

Types of semantic relationsSemantic proximity implies that two (or more) words

Types of semantic relationsSemantic equivalence implies full similarity of meaning of

Types of semantic relationsInclusion exists between two words if the meaning

Types of semantic relationsThe hyponymic relation may be viewed as the

Types of semantic relations Plantgrass bush tree shrub flowerpine oak ash maplewhite

Types of semantic relationsThe contrast of semantic features helps to establish

Semantic classifications of wordssynonyms;lexical and terminological sets;lexico-semantic groups;semantic fields;antonyms.

SynonymsSynonyms are usually defined as two or more words of the

Types of synonymsTotal (absolute) synonyms E.g. inflexion – functional affix, linguistics

Types of synonyms Stylistic synonymsE.g. girl (neutral), girlie (coll.), lassie, lass

Types of synonymsIdeographic-stylistic synonymyE.g. ask — inquire, expect — anticipate. Contextual

Types of synonymsIntensifying synonyms (relative synonyms) E.g. to ask – to

SynonymsSyntactical distribution: alone can be used only predicatively; solitary and lonely

Synonyms. The synonymic dominant Characteristic features:its semantic structure is quite simple:

Synonyms. The synonymic dominant leave — depart — quit — retire —

Sources of Synonymyborrowing from another language; E.g. belly (Native) – stomach

Lexical and terminological setsE.g. the words lion, tiger, leopard, puma, cat

Lexico-semantic groupsWords describing different sides of one and the same general

Semantic fieldsE.g. the words cosmonaut (n), spacious (adj), to orbit (v)

AntonymsContradictories, e.g. dead — alive, single — married; not dead =

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