Stylistic lexicology. Stylistic classification of the english vocabulary

Август 9, 2022

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Stylistic lexicology. Stylistic classification of the english vocabulary

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2. PLAN Stylistic classification of the English language vocabulary. Classification criteria Standard English vocabulary and its constituents.
3. pboerlm.
4. If you can read this, you have a strange too. Can you read this? Only 55
5. Stylistic classification of the English language vocabulary The literary layer, the neutral layer and the colloquial
6. The special literary vocabulary Terms Poetical words Archaic, obsolete/obsolescent words Foreignisms and barbarisms Literary nonce-words or
7. The special literary vocabulary Bookish words: concord, adversary, divergence, volition, calamity, susceptibility, sojourn, etc. Phraseological combinations
8. The speech of Mr. Micawber in “David Copperfield” My dear friend Copperfield”, said Mr. Micawber,” accidents
9. Bookish verbosity is used by the authors of parodies to create a humorous effect Snow White.
10. The special Colloquial vocabulary Professionalisms slang jargonisms dialectisms neutral words vulgarisms colloquial nonce-words Colloquial layer is
11. NEUTRAL WORDS Neutral words form bulk of the English vocabulary, they are used both in literary
12. The Common Core Parts of the body: hand, foot, arm, eye, heart, chin, bone Natural landscape:
13. Synonyms are not absolute, there is always a slight semantic difference in a synonymous pair but
14. TYPES of SYNONYMS Synonym (Greek “same” + “name”) Autumn and fall – dialect difference Insane and
15. DYNAMICS AND TENDENCIES Both literary and colloquial words have their upper and lower ranges. The lower
16. An anecdote once told by Danish linguist O.Esperson A young lady on coming home from school
17. Terms and their groups A term – is a word (word-combination) denoting a scientific concept. Terms
19. Features of a term The term has no emotional value. It is usually monosemantic, at least
20. Poetic words They are mostly archaic words that are rarely used to produce an elevated effect
21. E.A. Poe Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling, (Beguile – trick smb
22. Archaic words Those that have either entirely gone out of use or some of whose meaning
23. Poetical words in ordinary environment may produce a satirical effect J.Updyke’s parody “POETESS” At verses she
24. Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words three stages in aging process of words: when the word becomes
25. Historic words vs Archaic words By-gone periods of any society are marked by historical events, institutions,
26. Borrowings Japan: bonsai, geisha, haiku, hara-kiri, karate, kamikaze, shogun Native Indians(US): chipmunk, skunk, totem, wigwam Polynesia:
27. Barbarisms and foreignisms Barbarisms are words of foreign origin which have NOT entirely become assimilated into
28. Literary Coinages and Nonce-Words (Neologisms) WWWebster neologism is usually defined as “a new word or a
29. Coinages and nonce-words Coinage – a newly-created lexeme; nonce-word – 16th century phrase for the nonce
30. World Wide Words (neologisms) emoticom ( Emotional Smileys - :-) ha ha |-) hee hee |-D
32. Examples of Internet Jargon BTW - By the way CYA - See you around FAQ -
33. Special Colloquial Vocabulary:slang Webster in his “Third International Dictionary" gives the following definition for the term:
34. SLANG The New Oxford English Dictionary defines slang as follows:” a) the special vocabulary used by
35. Jargonisms Jargon – is a group of words with the aim to preserve secrecy within one
36. Examples of Medical Jargon Agonal - a major, negative change in a patient’s condition BP -
37. Professionalisms Professionalisms are words used in a definite trade, profession or calling by people connected by
38. Dialectal words Dialectal words – those words which in the process of integration of the English
39. Vulgar words or vulgarisms Vulgarisms are: 1) expletives and swear words which are of an abusive
41. Скачать презентацию

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PLAN
Stylistic classification of the English language vocabulary. Classification criteria
Standard English vocabulary

and its constituents. Neutral words.
Specific literary vocabulary. Terms, poetic and archaic words, obsolete and obsolescent words, literary coinages and neologisms, foreignisms and barbarisms
Specific colloquial vocabulary. Professionalisms, jargon and slang, vulgarisms and nonce-words, dialectisms.

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pboerlm.

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If you can read this, you have a strange too. Can

you read this? Only 55 people out of 100 can.

I couldn't believe that I could actually understand what I was reading. The phenomenal power of the human mind, according to a research at Cambridge University, it doesn't matter in what order the letters in a word are, the only imortant thing is that the first and last letter be in the right place. The rest can be a total mess and you can still read it whithout a problem.

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Stylistic classification of the English language vocabulary
The literary layer, the neutral

layer and the colloquial layer
Aspect - a certain property, characteristic of the layer on the whole
Aspect of the literary layer - markedly bookish character, more or less stable
Aspect of the colloquial layer - lively spoken character, unstable, fleeting.
Aspect of the neutral layer - its universal character

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The special literary vocabulary
Terms
Poetical words
Archaic, obsolete/obsolescent words
Foreignisms and barbarisms
Literary nonce-words or

neologisms
Literary words are legitimate members of the English vocabulary, without local or dialectal character. They are used in both oral and written speech

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The special literary vocabulary
Bookish words: concord, adversary, divergence, volition, calamity, susceptibility,

sojourn, etc.
Phraseological combinations that belong to the general literary stratum: in accordance with, with regard to, by virtue of, to speak at great length, to draw a lesson, to lend assistance.
in fiction - the primary stylistic function of general literary words which appear in the speech of literary personages is to characterize the person as pompous and verbose

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The speech of Mr. Micawber in “David Copperfield”
My dear friend Copperfield”,

said Mr. Micawber,” accidents will occur in the best-regulated families, and in families not regulated by that pervading influence which sanctifies while it enhances the – a – I would say, in short, by the influence of Woman, in the lofty character of Wife, they may be expected with confidence, and must be borne with philosophy”.

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Bookish verbosity is used by the authors of parodies to create

a humorous effect

Snow White.
Once there was a young princess who was not at all unpleasant to look at and had a temperament that may be found to be more pleasant than most other people’s. Her nickname was Snow White, indicating of the discriminatory notions of associating pleasant or attractive qualities with light, and unpleasant or unattractive qualities with darkness. Thus, at an early age Snow White was an unwitting if fortunate target for this type of colorist thinking.”

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The special Colloquial vocabulary
Professionalisms
slang
jargonisms
dialectisms
neutral words
vulgarisms
colloquial nonce-words
Colloquial layer

is often limited to a definite language community or confined to a specific locality where it circulates

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NEUTRAL WORDS
Neutral words form bulk of the English vocabulary, they are

used both in literary and the colloquial language.
They are the main source of synonymy and polysemy
they can be used in any style of speech without causing a special stylistic effect
they are generally devoid of any emotional meaning
They have a monosyllabic character
neutral words have NO SPECIAL STYLISTIC COLORING
They are usually deprived of any concrete associations and refer to the concept more or less directly

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The Common Core
Parts of the body: hand, foot, arm, eye, heart,

chin, bone
Natural landscape: land, field, meadow, hedge, hill, wood, oak
Domestic life: house, home, stool, door, floor, weave, knit
Calendar: sun, moon, day, month, year
Animals: horse, cow, sheep, dog, hen, goat, swine, fish
Common adjectives: black, white, wide, long, good, dark
Common verbs: fly, drink, swim, help, come, see, eat, sit, send, sell, think, love, say, be, go, do, shove, kiss, have, live

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Synonyms are not absolute, there is always a slight semantic difference

in a synonymous pair but the main distinction between synonyms remains stylistic. And it may be of different types- it may lie in the emotional tension (small-little-tiny) connoted in a word, or in the degree of the quality (fear-terror-awe) denoted, or in the sphere of its application(opponent-rival-foe).

COLLOQUIAL NEUTRAL LITERARY
Kid child infant
Daddy father parent
Chap fellow associate
Go on continue proceed
Teenager boy/girl youth/maiden
Make a move begin commence

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TYPES of SYNONYMS
Synonym (Greek “same” + “name”)
Autumn and fall – dialect

difference
Insane and loony – formal and informal
Salt and sodium chloride – everyday and technical
Rancid (butter,bacon) and rotten (everything else)
Youngster and youth – pleasant and less pleasant
Enough – sufficient; perplexed/bewildered; eventually/at last; dishonest/discreditable

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DYNAMICS AND TENDENCIES
Both literary and colloquial words have their upper and

lower ranges.
The lower range of the common literary words approaches the neutral layer and has a tendency to pass into it, while the upper range of the common colloquial layer can easily pass into the neutral layer.
So, the lines between common colloquial and neutral, on the one hand, and common literary and neutral, on the other, are blurred
Colloquial and literary words assume a far greater degree of concreteness, thus causing subjective evaluation, producing a definite impact on the reader or hearer

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An anecdote once told by Danish linguist O.Esperson
A young lady on

coming home from school was explaining to her grandma: Take an egg, she said, and make a perforation on in the base and a corresponding one in the apex. Then apply the lips to the aperture, and by forcibly inhaling the breath the shell is entirely discharged of its contents”. The old lady exclaimed: ”It beats all how folk do things nowadays. When I was a girl they made a hole in each end and sucked.”

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Terms and their groups
A term – is a word (word-combination) denoting

a scientific concept.
Terms formed from Greek, Latin, French, German or other foreign sources, e.g.
Botany, anatomy, schedule, character, chemistry (Greek); locomotive, chivalry, march, parliament, estate (Latin); facade, garage, massage, reportage, banquet, ballet, buffet, fillet, masseur, chef, chassis, masseuse, renaissance, retreat, maneuver, squad, coup d’etat, cliché, belles-lettres, entrepreneur, crochet (French); cobalt, zinc, quartz, sauerkraut, kindergarten (German).
Terms formed from the common word stock, by means of semantic change, e.g. tank, company (milit.); wing (archit); fading, jamming (radio).
Terms formed by means of special suffixes and prefixes: e.g. ultra-violet, antidote, transplant.

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Features of a term
The term has no emotional value. It is

usually monosemantic, at least in the given field of science, technique or art.
The most essential characteristics of a term is its highly conventional quality. It is very easily coined.
The most striking feature of a term is its direct logical relevance to the system of terms used in a particular science, discipline or art.
A term is directly connected with the concept it denotes
Terms belong to the style of scientific language.
They may also appear in other styles: in newspaper style, in publicistic and practically, in all others – (de-terminization)

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Poetic words
They are mostly archaic words that are rarely used to

produce an elevated effect of speech, their main function being sustaining poetic atmosphere
NOUNS : billow (wave), swain (lover, suitor), yeoman (peasant), main (sea), maid (girl), dolour (grief), nuptials (marriage), vale (valley), steed horse)
ADJECTIVES: lone (lonely), dread (dreadful), lovesome (lovely), beauteous (beautiful), clamant (noisy), direful (terrible), duteous (dutiful).
VERBS: Wax (grow), quath (said), list (listen), throw (believe), tarry (remain), hearken (hear).
PRONOUNS: Thee, thou, thy, aught (anything), naught (nothing)
ADVERBS: scarce (scarcely), haply (perhaps), oft (often), whilom (formerly), of yore (of ancient times), anon (soon)

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E.A. Poe
Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,
(Beguile

– trick smb into doing smth, attract and interest smb)
By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore, (countenance – face or its expression)
`Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou,' I said, art sure no craven. (crest – хохолок,craven – lacking courage)
Ghastly grim and ancient raven wandering from the nightly shore – (ghastly – frightening, unpleasant, involving death or pain)
Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore!’ Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.'

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Archaic words
Those that have either entirely gone out of use

or some of whose meaning have grown archaic.
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales 14th cent.
full would be translated today as very
marriage (marriage) was pronounced zh

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Poetical words in ordinary environment may produce a satirical effect
J.Updyke’s parody

“POETESS”
At verses she was never inept!
Her feet were neatly numbered.
She never cried, she softly wept,
She never slept, she slumbered.
She never ate and rarely dined,
Her tongue found sweetmeats sour.
She never guessed, but oft divined
The secrets of a flower.
A flower! Flagrant, pliant, clean,
More dear to her than crystal.
She knew what earnings dozed between
The stamen and the pistil.
Dawn took her thither to the wood,
At even, home she hithered.
Ah, to the gentle Pan is good
She never died, she withered.

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Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words
three stages in aging process of words:

when the word becomes rarely used it is called obsolescent – gradually passing out of general use: e.g. morphological forms thou, thee, thy, thine, verbal ending – est, verbal forms – art, wilt.
The second group of archaic words are those that have completely gone out of use but are still recognized by the English-speaking community – we call them obsolete ,e.g. methinks – it seems to me; nay – no etc.
The third group which may be called archaic proper are words which are no longer recognizable in modern English though they were widely in use in Old English. : e.g. throth – faith; bason – tub; descant – melody; hippocras – wine with spices; fortalice – fortress; losel – a lazy fellow

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Historic words vs Archaic words
By-gone periods of any society are marked

by historical events, institutions, customs, which are no longer in use: yeoman, goblet, baldric, mace. Such words never disappear from the language – they are historic terms.
Archaic words are mainly used in creation of a realistic background of historical novels to convey what is called “local color”.
Archaisms are frequently to be founding the style of official documents: in business letters, legal language, diplomatic documents – aforesaid, hereby, therewith, hereinafternamed.
Archaic words are sometimes used for satirical purposes and to create an elevated effect

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Borrowings
Japan: bonsai, geisha, haiku, hara-kiri, karate, kamikaze, shogun
Native Indians(US): chipmunk, skunk,

totem, wigwam
Polynesia: kava, tattoo, taboo, taro
Australia: boomerang, kangaroo, koala, wombat, dingo
South America: condor, inca, llama, puma, mate, poncho, jaguar, piranha
Greenland: anorak, igloo, kayak, parka
Norway: fjord, lemming, ski, slalom
Arabia: assassin, azimuth, emir, harem, mohair, sherbert, zero, bazaar, caravan
Turkey:coffee, jackal, kiosk, shish kebab

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Barbarisms and foreignisms
Barbarisms are words of foreign origin which have NOT

entirely become assimilated into the English language (More specifically, a word considered "improper" because it combines elements from different languages.)
Most of barbarisms have corresponding English synonyms: chic – stylish, bon mot – clever witty saying, ad finitum – to infinity; beau monde – high society.
Some foreign words fulfill terminological function: ukas, udarnik, kolkhoz, solo, tenor, blitzkrig, luftwaffe
Foreignism - a word or expression that has been imported from another language to serve a special semantic function
There tends to be a gradation in English from less to more foreign expressions, from the integrated (but variously pronounced) garage through elite/élite and coup d'etat/état to fin de siècle and pâtisserie.

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Literary Coinages and Nonce-Words (Neologisms) WWWebster
neologism is usually defined as “a

new word or a new meaning for an established word”
new words, coined in 19th century by Belinsky, are now absolutely usual and ordinary words: субъект, объект, тип, прогресс, пролетариат
1998 - DVD, heroin chic, middle youth, Viagra, digital television
The first type of newly coined words is connected with the need to designate new concepts resulting from the development of science – terminological coinages
e.g. multislacking - playing at the computer when one should be working, multitasking; ecological footprint - impact or damage to the environment caused by human activity

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Coinages and nonce-words
Coinage – a newly-created lexeme; nonce-word – 16th century

phrase for the nonce (for the once), a lexeme created for temporary use to solve an immediate problem of communication
Blurb 1907 coined by American humorist Gelett Burgess
E.g.: Loadsmoney, loadspeople; megaplan, megabrand, megacity, user-friendly, environment-friendly, customer-friendly, nature-friendly, girl-friendly; sexism, weightism, heightism, ageism
Back-formation: television-televise; double-glazing – double-glaze; baby-sitter – baby-sit

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World Wide Words (neologisms)
emoticom ( Emotional Smileys - :-) ha ha

|-) hee hee |-D ho ho :-> hey hey :-( boo hoo :-I hmmm :-O oops
The second type arises when the creator of a new word seeks to make the utterance more expressive. Such words are called stylistic coinages.
conversion, derivation (affixation), change of meaning can be considered as the main means of word- building in the process of coining new words.
-ee arrestee, assaultee, auditee, auditionee, awardee, biographee, callee, contactee, contractee, counsellee, dedicatee, electee, extraditee, flirtee, forgee, hittee, interactee, introducee, investee, murderee, outee, ownee, phonee, pickee, rapee, releasee, rescuee, sackee, shortlistee, standees, retiree, refugee, absentee

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Examples of Internet Jargon
BTW - By the way
CYA - See you

around
FAQ - Frequently asked questions
HTH - Hope this helps
MOTD - Message of the day
YMMV - Your mileage may vary
IIRC - If I remember correctly
IANAL - I am not a lawyer
LOL - Laugh out loud
BFF - Best friends forever
TTYL - Talk to you later

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Special Colloquial Vocabulary:slang
Webster in his “Third International Dictionary" gives the

following definition for the term: slang is “1) a language peculiar to a particular group as a) special and often secret vocabulary used by a class (thieves, beggars) and usually felt to be vulgar or inferior; b) the jargon used by or associated with a particular trade, profession, or field of activity;
2) a non-standard vocabulary composed of words and senses characterized primarily by connotations of extreme informality and usually a currency not limited to a particular region and composed typically of coinages or arbitrarily changed words, clipped or shortened forms, extravagant, forced or facetious figures of speech, or verbal novelties usually experiencing quick popularity and relatively rapid decline into disuse”.

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SLANG
The New Oxford English Dictionary defines slang as follows:” a) the

special vocabulary used by any set of persons of a low or disreputable character; language of a low and vulgar type; b) the cant or jargon of a certain class or period; c) language of a highly colloquial type considered below the level of standard educated speech and consisting either of new words or of current words employed in some special sense.”
As is seen from these quotations slang is represented both as a special vocabulary and a special language and as such it should be characterized not only by its peculiar use of words but also by phonetic, morphological and syntactical peculiarities

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Jargonisms
Jargon – is a group of words with the aim to

preserve secrecy within one or another social group, a code within a code, social in character : jargon of thieves (cant); of jazz musicians, of the military men; of sportsmen
grease – money; tiger hunter – gambler; loaf – head, man and wife – knife (rhyming slang); manany ( naval jargon)– a sailor who is always putting of a job till tomorrow, from Spanish manana-tomorrow; soap and flannel( naval jargon)– bread and cheese.
Slang, contrary to jargon, needs no translation. It is not a secret code. It is easily understood by native speakers.
Some of jargonisms make their way into the literary language of the nation. They may be said to become dejargonized

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Examples of Medical Jargon
Agonal - a major, negative change in a

patient’s condition
BP - Medical shorthand for blood pressure
FX - bone fracture
JT - A joint
NPO - A patient should not take anything by mouth
IM – Intramuscular
Examples of Political Jargon
Getting on a soapbox - Making a speech in public
POTUS - President of the United States
SCOTUS - Supreme Court of the United States
Example of Police Jargon
Assumed room temperature: An individual has died

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Professionalisms
Professionalisms are words used in a definite trade, profession or calling

by people connected by common interests both at work and at home.
e.g. tin-fish (shipping) – submarine
block buster (military)– a bomb especially designed to destroy blocks of big buildings
piper (cooking) – a specialist who decorates pastry with the use of a cream pipe
a midder case (judiciary)- a midwifery case
outer (boxing) – a knockout blow

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Dialectal words
Dialectal words – those words which in the process of

integration of the English national language remain beyond its literary boundaries and their usage is generally confined to a definite locality
lass (Scottish)– beloved girl; lad – young man; daft – silly mind; fash – trouble; cutty – naughty girl; tittie – sister; hinny – honey; Australian: brekky – breakfast, mossie – mosquito, Oz – Australia, Pommie – a Britisher, postie – postman
Southern dialect (Somersetshire) has a phonetic peculiarity: initial [s] and [f] are voiced as [z] and [v]: e.g. folk – volk, found – vound, see – zee, sinking – zinking

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Vulgar words or vulgarisms
Vulgarisms are: 1) expletives and swear words which

are of an abusive character: damn, bloody, hell, goddam; 2) obscene words (4-letter words the use of which is banned in any form of civilized intercourse)
In Middle Ages and down to the 16th century these words were accepted in oral speech and even in printed one

Stylistic lexicology. Stylistic classification of the english vocabulary

Содержание

PLANStylistic classification of the English language vocabulary. Classification criteriaStandard English vocabulary

pboerlm.

If you can read this, you have a strange too. Can

Stylistic classification of the English language vocabularyThe literary layer, the neutral

The special literary vocabularyTermsPoetical wordsArchaic, obsolete/obsolescent wordsForeignisms and barbarismsLiterary nonce-words or

The special literary vocabularyBookish words: concord, adversary, divergence, volition, calamity, susceptibility,

The speech of Mr. Micawber in “David Copperfield”My dear friend Copperfield”,

Bookish verbosity is used by the authors of parodies to create

The special Colloquial vocabularyProfessionalisms slangjargonisms dialectisms neutral wordsvulgarisms colloquial nonce-words Colloquial layer

NEUTRAL WORDSNeutral words form bulk of the English vocabulary, they are

The Common CoreParts of the body: hand, foot, arm, eye, heart,

Synonyms are not absolute, there is always a slight semantic difference

TYPES of SYNONYMSSynonym (Greek “same” + “name”)Autumn and fall – dialect

DYNAMICS AND TENDENCIESBoth literary and colloquial words have their upper and

An anecdote once told by Danish linguist O.EspersonA young lady on

Terms and their groups A term – is a word (word-combination) denoting

Features of a termThe term has no emotional value. It is

Poetic wordsThey are mostly archaic words that are rarely used to

E.A. PoeThen this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,(Beguile

Archaic words Those that have either entirely gone out of use

Poetical words in ordinary environment may produce a satirical effectJ.Updyke’s parody

Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Wordsthree stages in aging process of words:

Historic words vs Archaic wordsBy-gone periods of any society are marked

BorrowingsJapan: bonsai, geisha, haiku, hara-kiri, karate, kamikaze, shogunNative Indians(US): chipmunk, skunk,

Barbarisms and foreignismsBarbarisms are words of foreign origin which have NOT

Literary Coinages and Nonce-Words (Neologisms) WWWebsterneologism is usually defined as “a

Coinages and nonce-wordsCoinage – a newly-created lexeme; nonce-word – 16th century

World Wide Words (neologisms)emoticom ( Emotional Smileys - :-) ha ha

Examples of Internet JargonBTW - By the wayCYA - See you

Special Colloquial Vocabulary:slangWebster in his “Third International Dictionary" gives the

SLANGThe New Oxford English Dictionary defines slang as follows:” a) the

JargonismsJargon – is a group of words with the aim to

Examples of Medical JargonAgonal - a major, negative change in a

ProfessionalismsProfessionalisms are words used in a definite trade, profession or calling

Dialectal wordsDialectal words – those words which in the process of

Vulgar words or vulgarismsVulgarisms are: 1) expletives and swear words which

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