Translation as a means of intercultural collaboration. Lesson 2

Июль 28, 2022

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Translation as a means of intercultural collaboration. Lesson 2

Содержание

2. Tongue twisters I have got a date at a quarter to eight; I’ll see you at
3. A professional interpreter is able to translate in any situation
4. Lesson plan PART 1 1. Check our home work and discuss findings 2. Using homework findings
5. PART 1
6. Home work tasks Revise the previous lesson Perform your projects Discuss the process Exchange experience Define
7. Literal Translation vs. Free Translation Two main methods of translation Free translation - rendering the sense
8. What parts do you start with when translating? 'And then there's the Butterfly,' Alice went on...
9. Unit of translation Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997) define it as: "a term used to refer to
10. A translator working with the sentence as the translation unit would need to pay particular care
11. Summary The unit of translation : the linguistic unit which the translator uses when translating. Individual
12. Knowledge and set of skills of a translator/interpreter
13. PART 2 Linguistics. Why does it matter?
14. Linguistics Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a
15. Linguistics has two main purposes One is that it studies the nature of language and tries
16. About LINGUISTICS Main branches of linguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Macrolinguistics Psycholinguistics Sociolinguistics Anthropological
17. Core branches of Linguistics Linguistics Language Sounds words sentences meaning Phonetics/phonology morphology syntax semantics/pragmatics
18. Macrolinguistics （Peripheral branches ） Psycholinguistics: Language + psychology Sociolinguistics: Language + society Anthropological linguistics: Language +
19. Translation techniques levels Lexical Grammatical Stylistic
20. Translator. Does it sound proud?
21. PART 3 Lexical translation techniques
22. Translation Techniques one of numerous interpretations Direct Translation Techniques are used when structural and conceptual elements
23. Transliteration vs transcription http://dressedbread.com/transcription-and-transliteration/ Брюс Уиллис... Уилис… TRANSCRIPTION is concerned primarily with representing its phonemes TRANSLITERATION
24. Calque (loan phrase translation) The term ‘calque,’ or ‘Through-Translation’ as Newmark (1988) [4] called it, refers
25. Borrowing (taking of words directly from one language into another ) Literal Translation (word-for-word translation) Oblique
26. Narrowing of the meaning Broadening of the meaning Emphasizing or neutralization Description Translator commentary
27. Phraseological unit A Phraseological unit (PU) can be defined as a non-motivated word-group that cannot be
28. Translation difficulties: Identify the Phraseological Unit (PU) If there is some misconception – think about the
29. Misconceptions: “Dead-eye Dick” – Одноглазый Дик “The Underdog” – Собака, которая не лает Analyze the PU
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Tongue twisters
I have got a date at a quarter to eight;

I’ll see you at the gate, so don’t be late
Flash message
Red lorry, yellow lorry
Stupid superstition
A big black bear sat on a big black rug
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers Where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?

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A professional interpreter is able to translate in any situation

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Lesson plan
PART 1
1. Check our home work and discuss findings
2. Using

homework findings try to figure out the existing translation techniques in general
3. The beginning of the translation process.
Is there an initial unit of translation?
Brainstorm: Knowledge and skills set of a translator
What is good and what is bad in translating.
PART 2
4. Science of language/linguistics (языкознание). Does it matter?
Brainstorm: Translator – does it sound proud?
PART 3
5. Lexical means/techniques of translation
Brainstorm: a translator is a servant of all the Lords?

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PART 1

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Home work tasks
Revise the previous lesson
Perform your projects
Discuss the process
Exchange experience
Define

the unit of the translation

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Literal Translation vs. Free Translation
Two main methods of translation
Free translation - rendering

the sense of a source document
Literal translation - rendering as closely as possible the wording, structure, and grammar of a source document

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What parts do you start with when translating?
'And then there's the

Butterfly,' Alice went on...
'Crawling at your feet/ said the Gnat (Alice drew her feet back in some alarm), 'you
may observe a Bread-and-butter-fly. Its wings are thin slices of bread-and-butter, its
body is a crust, and its head is a lump of sugar.'
'And what does it live on?'
'Weak tea with cream in it.'
A new difficulty came into Alice's head. 'Supposing it couldn't find any?‘
She suggested.
'Then it would die, of course.'
'But that must happen very often,' Alice remarked thoughtfully.
'It always happens,' said the Gnat.

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Unit of translation
Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997) define it as: "a term

used to refer to the linguistic level at which ST is recodified in TL" (p. 192).
ST. Barkhudarov (1993) defines a UT as "the smallest unit of SL which has an equivalent in TL" (as cited in Shuttleworth and Cowie, 1997, p. 192).

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A translator working with the sentence as the translation unit would

need to pay particular care to preserving the features of the STs.
 Newmark considers paragraph and text as higher units of translation.
 The TT must perform the purpose
E.g.:
advertisement, poetry : translated at the level of text (or culture)
Medicines & foodstuffs : must carry instructions and warning notices

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Summary
The unit of translation : the linguistic unit which the translator

uses when translating.
Individual word and group  clause & sentence  text & intertextual levels.
Newmark : all lengths of language can be used as units of translation in the course of translation activity. The function of the whole texts and references to extratextual features is also important.

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Knowledge and set of skills of a translator/interpreter

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PART 2 Linguistics. Why does it matter?

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Linguistics
Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study

of language. It is a science in the sense that it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human languages.

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Linguistics has two main purposes
One is that it studies the nature

of language and tries to establish a theory of language and describes languages in the light of the theory established.
The other is that it examines all the forms of language in general and seeks a scientific understanding of the ways in which it is organized to fulfill the needs it serves and the functions it performs in human life.

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About LINGUISTICS
Main branches of linguistics Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics

Pragmatics
Macrolinguistics
Psycholinguistics
Sociolinguistics
Anthropological
Computational

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Core branches of Linguistics
Linguistics
Language
Sounds words sentences meaning
Phonetics/phonology morphology syntax

semantics/pragmatics

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Macrolinguistics （Peripheral branches ）
Psycholinguistics:
Language + psychology
Sociolinguistics:
Language + society
Anthropological

linguistics:
Language + anthropology
Computational linguistics:
Language + computer

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Translation techniques levels
Lexical
Grammatical
Stylistic

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Translator. Does it sound proud?

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PART 3 Lexical translation techniques

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Translation Techniques one of numerous interpretations
Direct Translation Techniques
are used when structural and

conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. Direct translation techniques include:
Transliteration occurs when the translator transcribes the SL characters or sounds in the TL (Bayar, 2007). This procedure refers to the conversion of foreign letters into the letters of the TL. It is commonly used to deal with nouns that do not have equivalents in the TLT or to preserve the local color of the SLT.
International variants:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian

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Transliteration vs transcription http://dressedbread.com/transcription-and-transliteration/
Брюс Уиллис... Уилис…
TRANSCRIPTION is concerned primarily with representing its phonemes
TRANSLITERATION

is concerned primarily with accurately representing the graphemes of another script

Виллис

Бруке или Бруце

SAUSAGE – > СОСИДЖ
SAUSAGE – > САУСАГЕ

Уолт Дисней

Ватсон OR Уотсон?

Шакеспеаре

transcription

transliteration

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Calque (loan phrase translation)
The term ‘calque,’ or ‘Through-Translation’ as Newmark (1988) [4] called

it, refers to the case where the translator imitates in his translation the structure or manner of expression of the ST.
European Cultural Convention, Convention culturelle européenne; and study group, group d’étude

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Borrowing (taking of words directly from one language into another )
Literal

Translation (word-for-word translation)
Oblique Translation Techniques
Transposition
Modulation
Reformulation or Equivalence
Adaptation
Compensation

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Narrowing of the meaning
Broadening of the meaning
Emphasizing or neutralization
Description
Translator commentary

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Phraseological unit
A Phraseological unit (PU) can be defined as a non-motivated word-group

that cannot be freely made up in speech, but is reproduced as a ready-made unit.
It is a group of words whose meaning cannot be deduced by examining the meaning of the constituent lexemes.

A dark horse

a person about whom no one knows anything definite.

A bull in a china shop

A white elephant

a clumsy person

a waste of money because it is completely useless

The green-eyed monster

jealousy, the image being drawn from Othello

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Translation difficulties:
Identify the Phraseological Unit (PU)
If there is some misconception –

think about the possible use of PU
PU can have several levels/meanings
e.g. to come through with flying colours

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Misconceptions:
“Dead-eye Dick” – Одноглазый Дик
“The Underdog” – Собака, которая не лает
Analyze

the PU from the point of view of:
Style
Cultural background (Ceasar’s wife/Rome was not built in a day)
Similarity of some PUs

Translation as a means of intercultural collaboration. Lesson 2

Содержание

Tongue twistersI have got a date at a quarter to eight;

A professional interpreter is able to translate in any situation

Lesson planPART 11. Check our home work and discuss findings2. Using

PART 1

Home work tasksRevise the previous lessonPerform your projectsDiscuss the processExchange experienceDefine

Literal Translation vs. Free TranslationTwo main methods of translationFree translation - rendering

What parts do you start with when translating?'And then there's the

Unit of translationShuttleworth and Cowie (1997) define it as: "a term

A translator working with the sentence as the translation unit would

SummaryThe unit of translation : the linguistic unit which the translator

Knowledge and set of skills of a translator/interpreter

PART 2 Linguistics. Why does it matter?

Linguistics Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study

Linguistics has two main purposesOne is that it studies the nature

About LINGUISTICS Main branches of linguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics

Core branches of Linguistics LinguisticsLanguageSounds words sentences meaning Phonetics/phonology morphology syntax

Macrolinguistics （Peripheral branches ）Psycholinguistics: Language + psychologySociolinguistics: Language + societyAnthropological

Translation techniques levelsLexicalGrammaticalStylistic