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- 2. Learning Objectives 2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons, and nerves, and how do they relate
- 3. Overview of Nervous System Nervous system an extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to
- 4. Structure of the Neuron Neuron the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and receives
- 5. Structure of the Neuron Parts of a neuron dendrites: branch-like structures that receive messages from other
- 6. Figure 2.2 The Structure of the Neuron The electronmicrograph on the left shows myelinated axons.
- 7. Other Types of Brain Cells Glial cells are grey fatty cells that: provide support for the
- 8. Other Types of Brain Cells Myelin: fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the
- 9. Generating the Message: Neural Impulse Ions: charged particles inside neuron: negatively charged outside neuron: positively charged
- 10. Generating the Message: Neural Impulse All-or-none: a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at
- 11. Figure 2.3 The Neural Impulse Action Potential In the graph below, voltage readings are shown at
- 12. Figure 2.3 (continued) The Neural Impulse Action Potential In the graph below, voltage readings are shown
- 13. Communication Between Neurons Sending the message to other cells Axon terminals: rounded areas at the end
- 14. Neuron Communication Synaptic vesicles: sack-like structures found inside the axon terminal containing chemicals neurotransmitter: chemical found
- 15. Neuron Communication synapse/synaptic gap: microscopic fluid-filled space between the rounded areas on the end of the
- 16. Figure 2.4 Reuptake of Dopamine Dopamine is removed from the synapse by reuptake sites. Cocaine acts
- 17. Neuron Communication Neurons must be turned ON and OFF excitatory neurotransmitter: neurotransmitter that causes the receiving
- 18. Neuron Communication Chemical substances can affect neuronal communication agonists: mimic or enhance the effects of a
- 20. Cleaning up the Synapse reuptake: process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles
- 21. Figure 2.5 An Overview of the Nervous System
- 22. Central Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS): part of the nervous system consisting of the brain
- 23. The Reflex Arc: Three Types of Neurons Sensory neuron: a neuron that carries information from the
- 24. The Reflex Arc: Three Types of Neurons Interneuron: a neuron found in the center of the
- 25. The Reflex Arc: Three Types of Neurons Neuroplasticity: the ability to constantly change both the structure
- 26. Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral nervous system (PNS): all nerves and neurons that are not contained in
- 27. Figure 2.7 The Peripheral Nervous System
- 28. Somatic Nervous System Soma = “body” Somatic nervous system: division of the PNS consisting of nerves
- 29. Somatic Nervous System Somatic nervous system (cont’d) motor pathway: nerves coming from the CNS to the
- 30. Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system (ANS) division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control
- 31. Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (cont’d) sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system): part of the ANS
- 32. Figure 2.8 Functions of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of the Nervous System
- 33. The Endocrine Glands Endocrine glands: glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream hormones:
- 34. Figure 2.9 The Endocrine Glands
- 35. The Endocrine Glands pituitary gland: gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and
- 36. The Endocrine Glands gonads: the sex glands; secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as
- 37. Looking inside the Living Brain Clinical Studies deep lesioning: insertion of a thin, insulated wire into
- 38. Looking inside the Living Brain Clinical Studies transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), magnetic pulses are applied to
- 39. Mapping Structure computed tomography (CT): brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain magnetic resonance imaging
- 40. Mapping Structure Mapping Function electroencephalogram (EEG): records electric activity of the brain below specific areas of
- 41. Mapping Structure Mapping Function (cont’d) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT): similar to PET, but uses
- 42. Figure 2.12 Major Structures of the Human Brain
- 43. The Hindbrain The Hindbrain medulla: first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming
- 44. The Hindbrain reticular formation (RF): area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and
- 45. Figure 2.13 The Limbic System
- 46. Structures under the Cortex Limbic system: a group of several brain structures located under the cortex
- 47. Structures under the Cortex Limbic System (cont’d) hypothalamus: small structure in the brain located below the
- 48. Structures under the Cortex Limbic System (cont’d) amygdala: brain structure located near the hippocampus responsible for
- 49. Cortex cortex: outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons responsible for higher thought
- 50. Cerebral Hemispheres cerebral hemispheres: the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides
- 51. Figure 2.14 The Lobes of the Brain
- 52. Four Lobes of the Brain occipital lobe: section of the brain located at the rear and
- 53. Four Lobes of the Brain parietal lobes sections of the brain located at the top and
- 54. Figure 2.15 The Motor and Somatosensory Cortex
- 55. Four Lobes of the Brain temporal lobes: areas of the cortex located just behind the temples
- 56. Four Lobes of the Brain frontal lobes: areas of the cortex located in the front and
- 57. Association Areas of Cortex association areas: areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the
- 58. Association Areas of Cortex Broca’s aphasia: condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area (usually in left
- 59. Association Areas of Cortex Wernicke’s aphasia: condition resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area (usually in left
- 60. Association Areas of Cortex spatial neglect: condition produced by damage to the association areas of the
- 61. Split-Brain Research Cerebrum: the upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the
- 62. Split-Brain Research Split-Brain Research study of patients with severed corpus callosum involves sending messages to only
- 64. Results of Split-Brain Research left side of the brain seems to control language, writing, logical thought,
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