Содержание
- 2. General Question about Acidification Аcid deposition occurs when sulfuric acid, nitric acid, or hydrochloric acid, emitted
- 3. General Question about Acidification Acid deposition is caused by the emission or atmospheric formation of gas-
- 4. History of the problem Historically, coal was the first and largest source of anthropogenically produced atmospheric
- 5. History of the problem Method of producing soda ash: In 1863, an estimated 1.76 million tons
- 6. рН pH was defined as pH = - log10[H+], where [H+] is the molarity (moles per
- 8. Carbonic Acid Water can be acidified in one of several ways. When gas-phase carbon dioxide dissolves
- 9. A fraction of CO2(g) always dissolves in rainwater. Thus, rainwater, even in the cleanest environment on
- 10. Sulfuric Acid When gas-phase sulfuric acid condenses onto rain drops, the resulting aqueous-phase sulfuric acid [H2SO4(aq)],
- 11. Nitric acid When gas-phase nitric acid dissolves in raindrops, it forms aqueous nitric acid [HNO3(aq)], a
- 12. Hydrochloric Acid When gas-phase hydrochloric acid dissolves in raindrops, it forms aqueous hydrochloric acid [HCl(aq)], a
- 13. Sources of Acids Some of the enhanced acidity of rainwater from sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and
- 14. Sources of Acids Acid deposition occurs when anthropogenically produced acids are deposited to the ground, plants,
- 15. Sulfuric Acid Deposition The most abundant acid in the air is usually sulfuric acid [H2SO4(aq)], whose
- 16. Power plants usually emit SO2(g) from high stacks so that the pollutant is not easily downwashed
- 17. the S(IV) and S(VI) families
- 18. Gas-Phase Oxidation of S(IV)
- 19. Aqueous-Phase Oxidation of S(IV)
- 20. Nitric acid deposition
- 21. Effect of acid deposition. London-type smog were recorded in London in the IX and XX centuries.
- 22. Effect of acid deposition. Effects on Lakes and Streams Effects on Biomass a) Acidified forest, Oberwiesenthal,
- 23. Effect of acid deposition Effects on Buildings and Sculptures Sandstone figure over the portal of a
- 24. Acidification in the Arctic
- 25. Sources Industrial areas farther south contribute to Arctic air pollution Most sulfur in Arctic air comes
- 26. Sources outside the Arctic
- 27. Natural sources The algae in ocean surface waters are a source of sulfur to the atmosphere
- 28. Ammonia (NH3) is also involved in acidification processes; it is a neutralizing compound in the atmosphere,
- 29. Sources within the Arctic Metal smelters have the largest emissions within the Arctic Production of copper,
- 30. Sources within the Arctic Exploitation and usage of fossil fuels Within the Arctic, there is coal
- 31. Sources within the Arctic Shipping and fishing activities are also sources of air pollutants in the
- 32. Natural emissions There are areas of volcanic activity in the North Atlantic and Bering Sea regions,
- 33. Natural emissions In winter, anthropogenic sources account for almost all of the sulfur in the Arctic
- 34. Local energy production is a small source Emissions from energy production in the Arctic are generally
- 35. Nitrogen emissions are less important Burning of fossils fuels also creates nitrogen oxides. In more densely
- 36. Atmospheric processes The fate of sulfur and nitrogen emissions depends on what happens in the atmosphere.
- 37. Sulfur dioxide turns into haze and acid precipitation Fossil fuels with high sulfur content produce sulfur
- 38. The atmospheric chemistry of the sulfur cycle The atmospheric chemistry of the sulfur cycle is dominated
- 39. Nitrogen chemistry Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (N02) are the two most important nitrogen oxide
- 40. the Zeldovich mechanism. The first reaction above has a relatively high activation energy, due to the
- 42. Effect in the Arctic Loss of soil fertility contributes to tree death Most Arctic mineral soils
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