Pathological Anatomy Department

Август 20, 2022

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Pathological Anatomy Department

Содержание

2. Introduction Pathological anatomy and anatomic pathologist History Tasks of the pathological anatomy Biopsy, operational material, autopsy
3. Pathological anatomy is the science that studies the structural bases of the disease at different levels
4. In 1761 Italian author G. Morgagni wrote the first work on pathological anatomy "About the location
5. The founder of modern pathological anatomy is R. Virchow (1821—1902) - German researcher who created the
6. Theoretic tasks of the pathological anatomy: 1) Study of the etiology, pathogenesis, morphology and morphogenesis of
7. Practical tasks of the pathological anatomy: 1) Control of accuracy and timeliness of clinical diagnosis; 2)
8. Methods of the pathological anatomy Macroscopic Microscopic (light microscope) Electron microscope Cytochemistry Histochemistry Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Approaches
9. General pathology studies typical pathological processes specific to a particular disease. Systemic pathology studies causes of
10. Adaptation limits (reversible/irreversible) depend on tissue type and its functional activity, strength and duration of exposure
11. MORPHOLOGY OF THE CELLULAR DAMAGE DEGENERATIONS APOPTOSIS NECROSIS METABOLIC DISORDERS, LEADING TO CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE
12. DEGENERATION Gr.: dys - violation; trophe - nutrition Transformation (ability of some substances turn into the
13. I. By localization 1. Intracellular (parenchymal); 2. Extracellular (stromal vascular, mesenchymal); 3. Mixed II. By extent
14. INTRACELLULAR PROTEIN DEGENERATIONS Granular degeneration Hyaline-drop degeneration Hydropic degeneration Keratinization degeneration
15. INTRACELLULAR FAT DEGENERATIONS CAUSES: Hypoxia (heart diseases, lungs and blood disorders) Infections Chronic intoxications
16. INTRACELLULAR FAT DEGENERATIONS CAUSES: Hypoxia (heart diseases, lungs and blood disorders) Infections Chronic intoxications "Tiger's heart"
17. INTRACELLULAR CARBOHYDRATE DEGENERATIONS Glycogen metabolic disorders Glycoproteins metabolic disorders Can be revealed using PAS-reaction Glycogen is
18. Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas
19. EXTRACELLULAR PROTEIN DEGENERATIONS Mucoid swelling Fibrinoid swelling Hyalinosis Amyloidosis
20. Mucoid swelling superficial and reversible desorganisation of the connective tissue. Accumulation of glycosaminoglycans by increasing the
21. Fibrinoid changes
22. Hyalinosis Degradation of connective tissue is accompanied by increased vascular permeability, degradation of collagen fibers and
23. Hyalinosis Hyalinosis of the spleen vessels in hypertension Hyalinosis of the splenic capsule ("Glased spleen")
24. Amyloidosis disease with the perverted synthesis of the substance called amyloid. A mandatory condition for the
25. Amyloidosis Primary Secondary Idiopathic Local tumor-associated Senile This term was proposed in 1853 by R. Virchow
26. EXTRACELLULAR LIPID DEGENERATIONS Local Lipomathosis + deposition of lipid under the capsule of the organs General
27. I degree of obesity - overweight up to 30%; II degree of obesity - overweight up
28. Obesity Hyperplastic Hypertrophic Mixed
29. chronic disease characterized by abnormalities in lipid and protein metabolism, which is manifested by the deposition
30. EXTRACELLULAR CARBOHYDRATE DEGENERATIONS
31. Pigments metabolism disorders Chromoproteins - endogenous pigments Hemoglobin - derivated Protein - derivated (tyrosine) Lipid -
32. Pigments metabolism disorders Hemoglobin - derivated Ferritin Hemosiderin is a polymer of ferritin. Hemosiderosis Hematoidin —
33. Brown induration of the lungs (hemosiderosis)
34. Jaundice is an increase of bilirubin levels in blood, yellowing of the mucous membranes, sclera and
35. MELANIN Adrenochrome Others Protein – derivated pigments (tyrosine)
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Introduction
Pathological anatomy and anatomic pathologist
History
Tasks of the pathological anatomy
Biopsy, operational material,

autopsy
Damage (alteration) Definition, factors, adaptation limits.
Morphology of the damage (alteration)
Definition, classification, mechanisms of degenerations
Parenchymal (intracellular) degenerations
Stromal vascular (extracellular) degenerations
Disorders of hemoglobin derived pigments (porphyria, jaundice, hemosiderosis)
Melanin
Calcinosis

PLAN OF THE LECTURE

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Pathological anatomy is the science that studies the structural bases of

the disease at different levels of morphological organization
Anatomic pathologist (pathomorphologist) is a doctor who deals with the identification of disease based on the normal structure of the human body anatomy

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In 1761 Italian author G. Morgagni wrote the first work on pathological

anatomy "About the location and causes of diseases revealed through the incision".
Carl Rokitansky - a member of the Vienna and Paris Academy of Sciences. He created Europe's first department of Pathological Anatomy (in 1844). Rokitansky considered that the main cause of painful changes is a violation of the composition of fluids of an organism.

Giovanni Battista
Morgagni
(25/02/1682 - 6/12/1771)

Carl von Rokitansky
(19/02/1804 - 23/07/1878)

History of the pathological anatomy

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The founder of modern pathological anatomy is R. Virchow (1821—1902) - German

researcher who created the doctrine of cellular pathology.

History of the pathological anatomy

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Theoretic tasks of the pathological anatomy:
1) Study of the etiology, pathogenesis, morphology

and morphogenesis of the diseases;
2) Study of pathomorphism of the diseases (medical, natural);
3) Study of outcomes and complications of the diseases;
4) Study of the mechanism of death (tanatogenesis);
5) Evaluation of the functioning and state of damaged organs.

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Practical tasks of the pathological anatomy:
1) Control of accuracy and timeliness of

clinical diagnosis;
2) Training of the attending physician;
3) Establishing clinical diagnosis in vivo (during the patient's life);
4) Monitoring the effectiveness of treatment (repeated biopsy);
5) Statistical records.

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Methods of the pathological anatomy
Macroscopic
Microscopic (light microscope)
Electron microscope
Cytochemistry
Histochemistry
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Approaches in the

pathological anatomy
1) Post mortal study (autopsy);
2) In vivo (during the life) study (biopsy, operational material);
3) Experiment.

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General pathology studies typical pathological processes specific to a particular disease.

Systemic pathology studies causes of diseases (ethiology), mechanism (pathogenesis), morphological basis of these mechanisms (morphogenesis) and mechanisms of death (tanatogenesis).

Damage of cells and tissues
Circulatory disorders
Regeneration and compensation processes
Inflammation
Tumors

Ethiology, pathogenesis and morphology of diseases

Pathological Anatomy

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Adaptation limits (reversible/irreversible) depend on tissue type and its functional activity,

strength and duration of exposure to the damaging factor.
Damage factors (physical and chemical factors, ischemia, infection, intoxication, immune response).

Damage
or alteration (from the Latin alteratio - change) is the changes in the structure of cells, intercellular substance, tissues and organs, which are accompanied by a violation of their life.

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MORPHOLOGY OF THE CELLULAR DAMAGE
DEGENERATIONS
APOPTOSIS
NECROSIS
METABOLIC DISORDERS, LEADING TO CHANGES IN

THE STRUCTURE

Death of cells, tissues, organs or body parts in live organism

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DEGENERATION
Gr.: dys - violation; trophe - nutrition
Transformation (ability of some substances

turn into the other, which are close enough in structure and composition. For example, carbohydrates can be transformed into lipids)
Decomposition (break down of the intracellular structures)
Perverted synthesis (formation of abnormal substances, i.e. amyloid, alcoholic hyaline)
Infiltration (excessive penetration of a substance into the cell)

MECHANISMS OF DEGENERATIONS

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I. By localization
1. Intracellular (parenchymal);
2. Extracellular (stromal vascular, mesenchymal);

3. Mixed
II. By extent
1. General (systemic).
2. Local.
III. By etiology
1. Acquired
2. Hereditary
IV. By type of metabolic disorders
1. Protein;
2. Lipid (fat);
3. Carbohydrate;
4. Minerals.

CLASSIFICATION

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INTRACELLULAR PROTEIN DEGENERATIONS
Granular degeneration
Hyaline-drop degeneration
Hydropic degeneration
Keratinization degeneration

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INTRACELLULAR FAT DEGENERATIONS
CAUSES:
Hypoxia (heart diseases, lungs and blood disorders)
Infections
Chronic

intoxications

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INTRACELLULAR FAT DEGENERATIONS
CAUSES:
Hypoxia (heart diseases, lungs and blood disorders)
Infections
Chronic

intoxications

"Tiger's heart"

"Goose liver"

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INTRACELLULAR CARBOHYDRATE DEGENERATIONS
Glycogen metabolic disorders
Glycoproteins metabolic disorders
Can be revealed using PAS-reaction
Glycogen

is stained in red.

Diabetes Mellitus
Glycogenosis.
3. Mucous degeneration of epithelium
(catarral inflammation, mucoviscidosis [cystic fibrosis])

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Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas

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EXTRACELLULAR PROTEIN DEGENERATIONS
Mucoid swelling
Fibrinoid swelling
Hyalinosis
Amyloidosis

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Mucoid swelling
superficial and reversible desorganisation of the connective tissue. Accumulation of

glycosaminoglycans by increasing the content of hyaluronic acid.

Fibrinoid swelling

deep and irreversible desorganisation of the connective tissue. Collagen breakdown, degradation of its material and fibers with increased vascular permeability and fibrinoid formation.

infectious diseases
allergic diseases - autoimmune diseases

CAUSES:

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Fibrinoid changes

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Hyalinosis
Degradation of connective tissue is accompanied by increased vascular permeability, degradation

of collagen fibers and precipitation of plasma proteins.
Hyaline is the substance of complex chemical composition consisted of fibrin, immunoglobulins and proteins.
Simple hyaline
Complex hyaline
Lipohyaline

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Hyalinosis
Hyalinosis of the spleen vessels in hypertension
Hyalinosis of the splenic capsule
("Glased

spleen")

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Amyloidosis
disease with the perverted synthesis of the substance called amyloid.
A mandatory

condition for the development of secondary amyloidosis is a chronic inflammation.
Most often amyloid deposits in liver, kidneys, spleen, adrenal glands (perireticular type)
OR
In muscles, nervous system, heart (pericollagen type)

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Amyloidosis
Primary
Secondary
Idiopathic
Local tumor-associated
Senile
This term was proposed in 1853 by R. Virchow
Special staining

methods on amyloid:
Kongo red
Iodine green
Methyl violet

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EXTRACELLULAR LIPID DEGENERATIONS
Local
Lipomathosis + deposition of lipid under the capsule of

the organs

General

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I degree of obesity - overweight up to 30%; II degree

of obesity - overweight up to 50%; III degree of obesity - overweight up to 99%; IV degree of obesity - overweight over 100%;

Degrees of obesity

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Obesity
Hyperplastic
Hypertrophic
Mixed

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chronic disease characterized by abnormalities in lipid and protein metabolism, which

is manifested by the deposition of lipid complexes in the vascular wall

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

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EXTRACELLULAR CARBOHYDRATE DEGENERATIONS

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Pigments metabolism disorders
Chromoproteins - endogenous pigments
Hemoglobin - derivated
Protein - derivated
(tyrosine)
Lipid -

derivated

Melanin
Adrenochrom
Pigment of the enterochromaffine cells

Lipofuscin
Lipochrom
Ceroid
Pigment of vitamin E deficiency

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Pigments metabolism disorders
Hemoglobin - derivated
Ferritin
Hemosiderin is a polymer of ferritin. Hemosiderosis
Hematoidin

— bright orange pigment lying freely in the central portions of hemorrhage.
Hematins: malaria, hydrochloric acid (hemin) and formalin.
Porfirins — hemoglobin tetrapyrrole ring without iron.

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Brown induration of the lungs (hemosiderosis)

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Jaundice
is an increase of bilirubin levels in blood, yellowing of the

mucous membranes, sclera and skin

Hemolytic

Parenchymal

Mechanical

infectious diseases, hemolytic poisons, incompatible blood transfusion, blood system tumors

damage of bilirubin capture by hepatocytes in liver diseases

violation of patency of the bile ducts

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Pathological Anatomy Department

Содержание

IntroductionPathological anatomy and anatomic pathologistHistoryTasks of the pathological anatomyBiopsy, operational material,

Pathological anatomy is the science that studies the structural bases of

In 1761 Italian author G. Morgagni wrote the first work on pathological

The founder of modern pathological anatomy is R. Virchow (1821—1902) - German

Theoretic tasks of the pathological anatomy:1) Study of the etiology, pathogenesis, morphology

Practical tasks of the pathological anatomy:1) Control of accuracy and timeliness of

Methods of the pathological anatomyMacroscopicMicroscopic (light microscope)Electron microscopeCytochemistryHistochemistryImmunohistochemistry (IHC)Approaches in the

General pathology studies typical pathological processes specific to a particular disease.

Adaptation limits (reversible/irreversible) depend on tissue type and its functional activity,

MORPHOLOGY OF THE CELLULAR DAMAGE DEGENERATIONSAPOPTOSISNECROSISMETABOLIC DISORDERS, LEADING TO CHANGES IN

DEGENERATIONGr.: dys - violation; trophe - nutritionTransformation (ability of some substances

I. By localization 1. Intracellular (parenchymal); 2. Extracellular (stromal vascular, mesenchymal);

INTRACELLULAR PROTEIN DEGENERATIONSGranular degenerationHyaline-drop degenerationHydropic degenerationKeratinization degeneration

INTRACELLULAR FAT DEGENERATIONSCAUSES:Hypoxia (heart diseases, lungs and blood disorders) Infections Chronic

INTRACELLULAR FAT DEGENERATIONSCAUSES:Hypoxia (heart diseases, lungs and blood disorders) Infections Chronic

INTRACELLULAR CARBOHYDRATE DEGENERATIONSGlycogen metabolic disordersGlycoproteins metabolic disordersCan be revealed using PAS-reactionGlycogen

Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas

EXTRACELLULAR PROTEIN DEGENERATIONSMucoid swellingFibrinoid swellingHyalinosisAmyloidosis

Mucoid swellingsuperficial and reversible desorganisation of the connective tissue. Accumulation of

Fibrinoid changes

HyalinosisDegradation of connective tissue is accompanied by increased vascular permeability, degradation

HyalinosisHyalinosis of the spleen vessels in hypertensionHyalinosis of the splenic capsule("Glased

Amyloidosisdisease with the perverted synthesis of the substance called amyloid.A mandatory

AmyloidosisPrimarySecondaryIdiopathicLocal tumor-associatedSenileThis term was proposed in 1853 by R. VirchowSpecial staining

EXTRACELLULAR LIPID DEGENERATIONSLocalLipomathosis + deposition of lipid under the capsule of

I degree of obesity - overweight up to 30%; II degree

ObesityHyperplasticHypertrophicMixed

chronic disease characterized by abnormalities in lipid and protein metabolism, which

EXTRACELLULAR CARBOHYDRATE DEGENERATIONS

Pigments metabolism disordersChromoproteins - endogenous pigmentsHemoglobin - derivatedProtein - derivated(tyrosine)Lipid -

Pigments metabolism disordersHemoglobin - derivatedFerritinHemosiderin is a polymer of ferritin. HemosiderosisHematoidin

Brown induration of the lungs (hemosiderosis)

Jaundiceis an increase of bilirubin levels in blood, yellowing of the

MELANINAdrenochromeOthersProtein – derivated pigments(tyrosine)

Похожие презентации

Introduction
Pathological anatomy and anatomic pathologist
History
Tasks of the pathological anatomy
Biopsy, operational material,

Theoretic tasks of the pathological anatomy:
1) Study of the etiology, pathogenesis, morphology

Practical tasks of the pathological anatomy:
1) Control of accuracy and timeliness of

Methods of the pathological anatomy
Macroscopic
Microscopic (light microscope)
Electron microscope
Cytochemistry
Histochemistry
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Approaches in the

MORPHOLOGY OF THE CELLULAR DAMAGE
DEGENERATIONS
APOPTOSIS
NECROSIS
METABOLIC DISORDERS, LEADING TO CHANGES IN

DEGENERATION
Gr.: dys - violation; trophe - nutrition
Transformation (ability of some substances

I. By localization
1. Intracellular (parenchymal);
2. Extracellular (stromal vascular, mesenchymal);

INTRACELLULAR PROTEIN DEGENERATIONS
Granular degeneration
Hyaline-drop degeneration
Hydropic degeneration
Keratinization degeneration

INTRACELLULAR FAT DEGENERATIONS
CAUSES:
Hypoxia (heart diseases, lungs and blood disorders)
Infections
Chronic

INTRACELLULAR FAT DEGENERATIONS
CAUSES:
Hypoxia (heart diseases, lungs and blood disorders)
Infections
Chronic

INTRACELLULAR CARBOHYDRATE DEGENERATIONS
Glycogen metabolic disorders
Glycoproteins metabolic disorders
Can be revealed using PAS-reaction
Glycogen

EXTRACELLULAR PROTEIN DEGENERATIONS
Mucoid swelling
Fibrinoid swelling
Hyalinosis
Amyloidosis

Mucoid swelling
superficial and reversible desorganisation of the connective tissue. Accumulation of

Hyalinosis
Degradation of connective tissue is accompanied by increased vascular permeability, degradation

Hyalinosis
Hyalinosis of the spleen vessels in hypertension
Hyalinosis of the splenic capsule
("Glased

Amyloidosis
disease with the perverted synthesis of the substance called amyloid.
A mandatory

Amyloidosis
Primary
Secondary
Idiopathic
Local tumor-associated
Senile
This term was proposed in 1853 by R. Virchow
Special staining

EXTRACELLULAR LIPID DEGENERATIONS
Local
Lipomathosis + deposition of lipid under the capsule of

Obesity
Hyperplastic
Hypertrophic
Mixed

Pigments metabolism disorders
Chromoproteins - endogenous pigments
Hemoglobin - derivated
Protein - derivated
(tyrosine)
Lipid -

Pigments metabolism disorders
Hemoglobin - derivated
Ferritin
Hemosiderin is a polymer of ferritin. Hemosiderosis
Hematoidin

Jaundice
is an increase of bilirubin levels in blood, yellowing of the

MELANIN
Adrenochrome
Others
Protein – derivated pigments
(tyrosine)