Types of Data – (continued). Week 2 (2)

Сентябрь 14, 2022

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Types of Data – (continued). Week 2 (2)

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2. NEW IN CLASS? Send me an email to the following address: susanne.saral@okan.edu.tr DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL
3. Activation of piazza.com account Enter your first and last name Select : Undergraduate Select : Economy
4. Organizing categorical data Categorical data produce values that are names, words or codes, but not real
5. The Frequency and relative frequency - Distribution Table Summarizing categorical data A frequency table organizes data
6. Contingency table another type of frequency table Contingency tables list the number of observations for every
7. Contingency table A larger retailer of electronics conducted a survey to determine consumer preferences for various
8. Three Rules of Data Analysis Rule 1, 2 and 3: Make a picture of the data
9. Bar Chart – Hospital patients DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM Hospital Number Unit of Patients Cardiac
10. Pie Chart – Hospital patients DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM (Percentages are rounded to the nearest
11. Bar-chart Number of visits to OKAN University website
12. Pie-chart Number of visits to OKAN University website
13. Graphing Multivariate Categorical Data MULTIVARIATE= MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE Why multivariate? We are investigating more than
14. Graphing Multivariate Categorical Data
15. Graphing Multivariate Categorical Data Side by side horizontal bar chart DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM (continued)
16. Graphing Multivariate Categorical Data Stacked bar chart DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM (continued)
17. Class exercise The following raw data show responses to the question “What is your primary source
18. Class exercise A cable company surveyed its customers and asked how likely they were to bundle
19. Week 2 (2) How to organize and illustrate numerical data DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL EMAIL: SUSANNE.SARAL@OKAN.EDU.TR
20. Classification of Variables DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL Examples: # of goals in a football match #
21. Numerical/quantitative Data Histogram Frequency Distributions and Cumulative Distributions Tables and Graphs to Describe Numerical Variables DR
22. Enron Corporation - energy trading company Energy trading company from 1985 – 2001 (then went bankrupt):
23. Enron Corporation - energy trading company Energy trading company from 1985 – 2001: Were there any
24. Enron Corporation - energy trading company Energy trading company from 1985 – 2001: Were there any
26. Enron Corporation – frequency distribution
28. Why Use Frequency Distributions and graphs for numerical data? A frequency distribution is a way to
29. Frequency Distributions What is a Frequency Distribution for numerical data? A frequency distribution is a table
30. Frequency Distributions for numerical data Intervals for numerical data are not as easy to identify as
31. Raw data (sample of 110 employees in a production plant) Completion Times of a particular task
32. How to determine the number of intervals/classes A quick guide Sample size Number of intervals Fewer
33. How to determine the interval width Each class/interval grouping has to have the same width Determine
34. Employee completion time 110 employees’ time have been recorded and the plant supervisor needs to report
35. Employee completion time DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM
36. Employee completion time Completion time (in seconds) Frequency Relative frequency % 220 – 229 5 4.5
37. Histogram of employee completion times Absolute frequency DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM
38. Histogram of employee completion times Relative frequency same graph as absolute frequency DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL,
39. Employee completion time Cumulative frequency DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM
40. Histogram – Absolute frequency Enron: Change in stock price DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM
42. Скачать презентацию

Слайд 2

NEW IN CLASS?
Send me an email to the following address:

susanne.saral@okan.edu.tr

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL

Слайд 3

Activation of piazza.com account
Enter your first and last name
Select

: Undergraduate
Select : Economy
Select : Class 1 and add BBA 182 and click “join the class”

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL

Слайд 4

Organizing categorical data
Categorical data produce values that are names,

words or codes, but not real numbers.
Only calculations based on the frequency of occurrence of these names, words or codes are valid.
We count the number of times a certain value occurs and add the frequency in the table.

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Слайд 5

The Frequency and relative frequency - Distribution Table Summarizing categorical data

A frequency table organizes data by recording totals and category names.
The variable we measure here is the number of times a country became world champion in football:

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Слайд 6

Contingency table another type of frequency table
Contingency tables list

the number of observations for every combination of values for two categorical variables

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Слайд 7

Contingency table
A larger retailer of electronics conducted a survey

to determine consumer preferences for
various brands of digital cameras. The table summarizes responses by brand and gender:
Each cell in a contingency table (any intersection of a row and column of the table) gives the count
for a combination of values of two categorical variables

Слайд 8

Three Rules of Data Analysis
Rule 1, 2 and 3: Make

a picture of the data
Pictures….
Reveal things that cannot be seen in a frequency table
Show important patterns in the data
Provide an excellent way for presenting findings to other people

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Слайд 9

Bar Chart – Hospital patients
DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM
Hospital Number

Unit of Patients
Cardiac Care 1,052
Emergency 2,245
Intensive Care 340
Maternity 552
Surgery 4,630

Слайд 10

Pie Chart – Hospital patients
DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM
(Percentages are

rounded to the nearest percent)
Hospital Number % of Total
Unit of Patients
Cardiac Care 1,052 11.93
Emergency 2,245 25.46
Intensive Care 340 3.86
Maternity 552 6.26
Surgery 4,630 52.50

Слайд 11

Bar-chart Number of visits to OKAN University website

Слайд 12

Pie-chart Number of visits to OKAN University website

Слайд 13

Graphing Multivariate Categorical Data
MULTIVARIATE= MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE
Why multivariate?
We are

investigating more than one variable:
(1) Gender: Female and male
(2) Camera brand: Canon Powershot, Nikon
CoolPix, other brands

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

(continued)

Слайд 14

Graphing Multivariate Categorical Data

Слайд 15

Graphing Multivariate Categorical Data
Side by side horizontal bar chart
DR SUSANNE

HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

(continued)

Слайд 16

Graphing Multivariate Categorical Data
Stacked bar chart
DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM
(continued)

Слайд 17

Class exercise
The following raw data show responses to the question “What

is your primary source for news?”
from a sample of college students:
Internet Newspaper Internet TV Internet Newspaper TV Internet Internet TV
Newspaper TV TV Newspaper TV Internet Internet Internet Internet Internet
TV Internet Internet TV TV
a. Prepare a frequency table for these data. How many students were sampled?
b. Prepare a relative frequency table for these data.
c. Based on the frequencies, construct a bar chart manually.
d. What is the variable we are measuring?

Слайд 18

Class exercise A cable company surveyed its customers and asked how

likely they were to bundle other services, such as phone and Internet, with their cable TV subscription. The following raw data show the responses:

Very Likely Unlikely Unlikely Very Likely
Likely Unlikely Likely Likely
Unlikely Unlikely Likely Likely
Very Likely Unlikely Unlikely Very Likely
Unlikely Unlikely Unlikely Likely
a. Prepare a frequency table for these data. How many customers were sampled?
b. Prepare a relative frequency table for these data.
c. Based on frequencies, construct a bar chart manually
d. What is the variable we are measuring?

Слайд 19

Week 2 (2) How to organize and illustrate numerical data
DR SUSANNE

HANSEN SARAL
EMAIL: SUSANNE.SARAL@OKAN.EDU.TR OR
SUSANNEHANSENSARAL@GMAIL.COM

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL

Слайд 20

Classification of Variables
DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL
Examples:
# of goals in a

football match
# of subscriptions
# of meals sold in a restaurant (Counted items)

Examples:
Weight
Volume
Size
(Measured in units)

Nominal

Ordinal

Слайд 21

Numerical/quantitative Data
Histogram
Frequency Distributions and
Cumulative Distributions
Tables and Graphs to Describe Numerical

Variables

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Слайд 22

Enron Corporation - energy trading company
Energy trading company from 1985

– 2001 (then went bankrupt):
Company grew steadily over the 15 years
Stock price in 1985 $ 5/share. By the end of 2000 it was $ 89.75
At the end of 2000 the company was worth $ 6 billion
At the end of 2001 the stock had fallen to $ 0.25! The company had lost 99% of it’s value
Were there any warning signs in the data?

Слайд 23

Enron Corporation - energy trading company
Energy trading company from 1985

– 2001:
Were there any warning signs in the data?

Слайд 24

Enron Corporation - energy trading company
Energy trading company from 1985

– 2001:
Were there any warning signs about the fall of the stock price in the data?
Hard to tell from the raw data
Let’s follow the first rule of data analysis and make a picture of the data

Слайд 25

Слайд 26

Enron Corporation – frequency distribution

Слайд 27

Слайд 28

Why Use Frequency Distributions and graphs for numerical data?
A frequency distribution

is a way to summarize numerical data
It condenses the raw data into ranges/intervals
and allows for a quick visual interpretation of the data – a PICTURE
The picture of numerical/quantitative data is called a histogram

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Слайд 29

Frequency Distributions
What is a Frequency Distribution for numerical data?
A

frequency distribution is a table
containing ranges/intervals within which the data fall
and the corresponding frequencies with which data fall within each class
or category

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Слайд 30

Frequency Distributions for numerical data
Intervals for numerical data are not as

easy to identify as for categorical data.
Determining the intervals of a frequency table for numerical data requires answers to the following questions:
How many intervals should be used?
How wide should each interval be?

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Слайд 31

Raw data (sample of 110 employees in a production plant)
Completion

Times of a particular task (in seconds) for 110 employees
271 236 294 252 254 263 266 222 262 278 288
262 237 247 282 224 263 267 254 271 278 263
262 288 247 252 264 263 247 225 281 279 238
252 242 248 263 255 294 268 255 272 271 291
263 242 288 252 226 263 269 227 273 281 267
263 244 249 252 256 263 252 261 245 252 294
288 245 251 269 256 264 252 232 275 284 252
263 274 252 252 256 254 269 234 285 275 263
263 246 294 252 231 265 269 235 275 288 294
263 247 252 269 261 266 269 236 276 248 299

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Not easy to see a picture or pattern!

Слайд 32

How to determine the number of intervals/classes A quick guide
Sample

size Number of intervals
Fewer than 50 5 - 7
50 to 100 7 - 8
101 to 500 8 - 10
501 to 1,000 10 - 11
1,001 to 5,000 11 - 14
More than 5,000 14 - 20
Use at least 5 intervals but no more than 15-20 otherwise we loose the overview of the data

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Слайд 33

How to determine the interval width
Each class/interval grouping has to

have the same width
Determine the width of each interval by

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Use at least 5 but no more than 15-20 intervals
Intervals never overlap
Round up the interval width to get desirable interval endpoints

Слайд 34

Employee completion time
110 employees’ time have been recorded and

the plant supervisor needs to report to his manager how long on average his employees finish the job.
We have 110 values ranging from 222 seconds to 299
We need to determine the number of intervals:

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Sample size Number of intervals
Fewer than 50 5 - 7
50 to 100 7 - 8
101 to 500 8 - 10
501 to 1,000 10 - 11
1,001 to 5,000 11 - 14
More than 5,000 14 - 20

Слайд 35

Employee completion time

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Слайд 36

Employee completion time
Completion time (in seconds) Frequency Relative frequency %
220 –

229 5 4.5
230 – 239 8 7.3
240 – 249 13 11.8
250 – 259 22 20.0
260 – 269 32 29.1
270 – 279 13 11.8
280 – 289 10 9.1
290 – 300 7 6.4
Total 110 100 %

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Слайд 37

Histogram of employee completion times Absolute frequency
DR SUSANNE HANSEN

SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Слайд 38

Histogram of employee completion times Relative frequency same graph as

absolute frequency

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Слайд 39

Employee completion time Cumulative frequency
DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Слайд 40

Histogram – Absolute frequency Enron: Change in stock price
DR SUSANNE

HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Types of Data – (continued). Week 2 (2)

Содержание

NEW IN CLASS?Send me an email to the following address:

Activation of piazza.com accountEnter your first and last name Select

Organizing categorical data Categorical data produce values that are names,

The Frequency and relative frequency - Distribution Table Summarizing categorical data

Contingency table another type of frequency table Contingency tables list

Contingency table A larger retailer of electronics conducted a survey

Three Rules of Data AnalysisRule 1, 2 and 3: Make

Bar Chart – Hospital patientsDR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM Hospital Number

Pie Chart – Hospital patientsDR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM(Percentages are

Bar-chart Number of visits to OKAN University website

Pie-chart Number of visits to OKAN University website

Graphing Multivariate Categorical DataMULTIVARIATE= MORE THAN ONE VARIABLEWhy multivariate?We are

Graphing Multivariate Categorical Data

Graphing Multivariate Categorical DataSide by side horizontal bar chartDR SUSANNE

Graphing Multivariate Categorical DataStacked bar chartDR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM(continued)

Class exerciseThe following raw data show responses to the question “What

Class exercise A cable company surveyed its customers and asked how

Week 2 (2) How to organize and illustrate numerical dataDR SUSANNE

Classification of VariablesDR SUSANNE HANSEN SARALExamples:# of goals in a

Numerical/quantitative DataHistogramFrequency Distributions andCumulative Distributions Tables and Graphs to Describe Numerical

Enron Corporation - energy trading companyEnergy trading company from 1985

Enron Corporation - energy trading companyEnergy trading company from 1985

Enron Corporation - energy trading companyEnergy trading company from 1985

Enron Corporation – frequency distribution

Why Use Frequency Distributions and graphs for numerical data?A frequency distribution

Frequency DistributionsWhat is a Frequency Distribution for numerical data? A

Frequency Distributions for numerical dataIntervals for numerical data are not as

Raw data (sample of 110 employees in a production plant) Completion

How to determine the number of intervals/classes A quick guideSample

How to determine the interval widthEach class/interval grouping has to

Employee completion time 110 employees’ time have been recorded and

Employee completion time DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Employee completion time Completion time (in seconds) Frequency Relative frequency %220 –

Histogram of employee completion times Absolute frequency DR SUSANNE HANSEN

Histogram of employee completion times Relative frequency same graph as

Employee completion time Cumulative frequencyDR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Histogram – Absolute frequency Enron: Change in stock price DR SUSANNE

Похожие презентации

NEW IN CLASS?
Send me an email to the following address:

Activation of piazza.com account
Enter your first and last name
Select

Organizing categorical data
Categorical data produce values that are names,

Contingency table another type of frequency table
Contingency tables list

Contingency table
A larger retailer of electronics conducted a survey

Three Rules of Data Analysis
Rule 1, 2 and 3: Make

Bar Chart – Hospital patients
DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM
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Pie Chart – Hospital patients
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Graphing Multivariate Categorical Data
MULTIVARIATE= MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE
Why multivariate?
We are

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Side by side horizontal bar chart
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Graphing Multivariate Categorical Data
Stacked bar chart
DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM
(continued)

Class exercise
The following raw data show responses to the question “What

Week 2 (2) How to organize and illustrate numerical data
DR SUSANNE

Classification of Variables
DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL
Examples:
# of goals in a

Numerical/quantitative Data
Histogram
Frequency Distributions and
Cumulative Distributions
Tables and Graphs to Describe Numerical

Enron Corporation - energy trading company
Energy trading company from 1985

Enron Corporation - energy trading company
Energy trading company from 1985

Enron Corporation - energy trading company
Energy trading company from 1985

Why Use Frequency Distributions and graphs for numerical data?
A frequency distribution

Frequency Distributions
What is a Frequency Distribution for numerical data?
A

Frequency Distributions for numerical data
Intervals for numerical data are not as

Raw data (sample of 110 employees in a production plant)
Completion

How to determine the number of intervals/classes A quick guide
Sample

How to determine the interval width
Each class/interval grouping has to

Employee completion time
110 employees’ time have been recorded and

Employee completion time

DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Employee completion time
Completion time (in seconds) Frequency Relative frequency %
220 –

Histogram of employee completion times Absolute frequency
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Employee completion time Cumulative frequency
DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM

Histogram – Absolute frequency Enron: Change in stock price
DR SUSANNE