Ecological problems of Kazakhstan

steeps and valleys . In fact almost on the whole territory of the country destructed natural capability of provision future of ecological and social problems

landscape .More than 60% of the territory are prone to the cruelest desertification , that lead to the frutality and as a result - sequence , to reduction of productivity of livestock and crop . 

the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, Balkhash, Zaisan, Alakol. In the eyes of a generation almost twice reduced area Aral Sea.

Intensive and irrational development of irrigated agriculture, as well as the regulation of runoff in arid climatic conditions has led to a shortage of water in the basins of small and large rivers of the southern region, such as the Ili, Syrdarya and others.

the republic in the water 100 km3 existing supply is 34.6 km3. By water supply per capita Kazakhstan occupies the last place amongst CIS countries.

more than 200 million. M3 of contaminated wastewater.

More than 3 thousand. Hotbeds of pollution of underground water, an area of from a few to hundreds of square kilometers.

of the industrial giant Caspian Mining and Metallurgical Combine (PGMK) dumped sewage into the basin located just a few kilometers from the city of Aktau, where the artificial lake was formed Koshkar-Ata. These factories mainly engaged in uranium enrichment. Over time, the pond Koshkar Ata accumulated almost all the elements of the periodic table. Including radioactive and toxic. Lake Koshkar-Ata and the Caspian Sea separates the narrow coastal strip, up to 8 km, so there was a danger of pollution of the Caspian Sea waters tailing Koshkar-Ata.

with the tailings Koshkar-Ata. At the moment, the lake dries up, because the former PGMK idle factories and shed water. On the shores of the lake dried, forms toxic dust, which the wind carries for the district.? Before environmentalists Mangistau faces a difficult problem. If you maintain the previous level in the lake water, it can happen dumping of toxic waste into the Caspian Sea. If the lake to dry up, the dust will be infected all the lands and pastures around the village of Aktau and Akshukur.

physically worn out fixed assets, which increases the amount of harmful emissions. The atmosphere in the early 90s reported annually about 6 million. Tons of pollution (50% - combined heat and power, 20% -Black metallurgy, 13% - non-ferrous metals, 4% - chemicals and petrochemicals). Most areas of high air pollution coincide with places of concentrated habitation. In Karaganda and Pavlodar oblasts per inhabitant in 1993 it accounted for 10.5 and 7.7 tonnes of harmful emissions

It has accumulated more than 20 billion tons of industrial waste in annual revenue of about 1 billion. tons, including 230 million tons of radioactive. They are concentrated mainly in Karaganda - 29,4%, East Kazakhstan - 25,7%, Kostanai - 17% and Pavlodar - 14.6% regions. Heavy metals and petroleum contaminated land as Kyzylorda, Atyrau and West Kazakhstan regions. Here, the volume of abandoned and dumped drill cuttings, oil contaminated water and low-level, the area of disturbed land is difficult to assess.

investment. Despite this, in the main areas of oil and gas production and oil refining - Atyrau and Mangistau regions - work is carried out with the use of backward technology, outdated equipment, which leads to accidents and oil leaks. Resulting in the total area of oil pollution in West Kazakhstan is 194 thousand. ha, and the volume of spilled oil - more than 5 million. m.

ecological and economic damage. The increased heat background and oxidation of components of the environment around the combustion of gas fields have a negative impact on soil, vegetation, animal world adjoining to oil complexes areas, making its "contribution" to the increase in greenhouse effekta.Bezvozvratnye gas losses of more than 740 million. m3 per year. There was a dependency of increased morbidity of the population in the zone of the Tengiz oil field (more than 6 times higher than regional indices) on air pollution of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen.

than 200 wells and oilfields, including the largest - Kalamkas Karazhanbas and that is a threat not only to biological diversity (in the Caspian Sea for 90% of world reserves of sturgeon, a large number of bird species, endemic - the Caspian seal ), but the entire ecosystem of the Caspian Sea.  Over the past 10 years the commercial fish catch has decreased 10 times.

ranges and launches of space technology. During the period between 1949 and 1991 at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site was conducted 470 nuclear explosions. It is not possible to accurately estimate the number of deaths; the amount of half a million people exposed.
  On the territory of the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site of about 2 million. Ha of agricultural land subject to radioactive contamination.

торием, причем хранилище отходов находится в городской черте Усть-Каменогорска. В республике имеются всего три могильника для ядерных отходов, и все они располагаются в водоносном слое. Добыча урановой руды проводилась без рекультивации земли, только в 1990-1991 гг. в Мойынкумский район Жамбылской области было вывезено 97 тыс. тонн радиоактивных пород, всего же здесь накопилось до 3 млн. тонн загрязненных отходов.
Именно серьезность проблемы радиационного загрязнения привела к тому, что одним из первых законов суверенного Казахстана стал Указ от 30 августа 1991 г. о запрещении испытаний на Семипалатинском полигоне.

Ulba plant accumulated about 100 thousand. Tons of waste contaminated with uranium and thorium, and waste storage facility located in the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk. In the republic there are only three burial ground for nuclear waste, and all of them are located in the aquifer. Uranium mining was carried out without land reclamation, only in 1990-1991. in Moyinkum district of Zhambyl region were exported 97 thousand. tons of radioactive rocks, just as there had accumulated up to 3 million. tonnes of contaminated waste. That the seriousness of the problem of radioactive contamination has led to the fact that one of the first laws of the sovereign Kazakhstan was the decree of 30 August 1991 on the Prohibition of the tests at the Semipalatinsk test site.

fauna, the depletion of natural resources have led to the destruction of ecosystems, desertification, and considerable losses of biological and landscape diversity, increased morbidity and mortality. The consequence of these changes is to reduce the quality of life and unsustainable development of the country. At the same time remain the lowest among the countries of Eurasia public expenditure on environmental protection. They make up less than 0.5 dollars. US per year per person.

Petropavlovsk

Over the decades, and in the cities of RMS, a high level of morbidity and mortality due to cancer pathologies that rightfully considered a major environmental problem in the region. For one of the main causes of the observed trends include air pollution of industrial cities due to emissions from many industrial enterprises and motor transport a significant amount of solid and gaseous toxic substances as the main habitat-forming component of the urban environment.

suspended particles make two of the four companies: LLC "Access Energo Petropavlovsk CHP-2" and LLP "plant of small engines." The results show that carcinogens emitted by enterprises of our city, do not have a direct negative impact so as to cause the recorded high incidence in the city