Dutch Lawyer Training Slides presented in Belgium

Июль 22, 2022

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Dutch Lawyer Training Slides presented in Belgium

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2. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Today’s topics Compliance. Why bother? The rules
3. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Recent developments The German competition authority has
4. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Compliance. Why bother? What are CRH’s principal
5. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Compliance. Why bother? Compliance Manual contains general
6. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 The rules
7. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 The rules: key legislation Treaty on the
8. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 The rules: key principles What kind of
9. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 The rules: categorizing conduct
10. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 The rules: cartels
11. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 The rules: cartels Article 101 TFEU and
12. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 The rules: horizontal agreements Prices / discounts
13. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Example 1/8 Two managers work for competing
14. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Example 2/8 A number of your customers
15. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Example 3/8 A producer of construction materials
16. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Example 4/8 Recently, you offered to supply
17. Exchange of information Publicly available information Aggregated information Historical company data without bearing on future market
18. “Hub and Spoke” cartel Competitors exchange company-sensitive information through a third party e.g. a business assocation
19. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Example 5/8 Your competitor sends you an
20. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Example 6/8 A number of independent franchise
21. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Example 7/8 At a meeting organised by
22. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Example 8/8 Two managers of competing chains
23. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 The rules: vertical agreements Vertical price-fixing Agreement
24. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 The rules: vertical price-fixing Broad interpretation: Minimum
25. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Example 1/2 CRH agrees with a customer
26. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Example 2/2 CRH has a new line
27. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 The authorities Two principal authorities: European Commission
28. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 The authorities: investigative powers Far-reaching powers of
29. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 The authorities Domestic courts Judicial review No
30. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Corporate sanctions Main corporate sanctions: Agreement is
31. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Corporate sanctions Heat equipment: EUR 3,5 million
32. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Corporate sanctions Little room for justification: I
33. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Personal sanctions Fines can be imposed on
34. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Personal sanctions Instructions regarding certain conduct: Doesn’t
35. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Do’s and don’ts Prices. Don’t talk to
36. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Do’s and don’ts Market-sharing. Don’t talk to
37. Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl) CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 Do’s and don’ts So what should you
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Слайд 2

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Today’s topics
Compliance. Why bother?

The rules
The authorities
Corporate sanctions
Personal sanctions
Do’s & Don’ts

Слайд 3

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Recent developments
The German

competition authority has extended its in-depth review of constructionmaterials acquisiton (Xella’s / H+H International).
OFT uncovers antitrust conduct on aggregates market, including concrete.
OFT has extended its in-depth review of in constructionmaterials Joint Venture Anglo American and Lafarge.
European Commission opens antitrust proceedings against a number of cement manufacturers.

Слайд 4

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Compliance. Why bother?
What are

CRH’s principal aims?
To recognize and prevent possible infringements
To act in accordance with:
European and national competition legislation
CRH Code of Business Conduct
CRH Code of Conduct - Competition

Слайд 5

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Compliance. Why bother?
Compliance
Manual contains

general rules
Not exhaustive
No concrete advice
In case of doubt: always consult the CRH legal service

Слайд 6

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
The rules

Слайд 7

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
The rules: key legislation
Treaty

on the functioning of the European Union
Article 101 TFEU
Article 102 TFEU
Law of 15 September 2006 to protect the economic competition
Article 2 Law
Article 3 Law

Слайд 8

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
The rules: key principles
What

kind of conduct infringes competition law?
Cartels (and other covert conduct): any improper agreement or coordination, primarily between ‘undertakings’ (competitors, distributors, traders, suppliers, purchasers => public and private parties in your own country and abroad)
Dominant position: abuse

Слайд 9

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
The rules: categorizing conduct

Слайд 10

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
The rules: cartels

Слайд 11

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
The rules: cartels
Article

101 TFEU and Article 2 Law prohibit:
agreements between undertakings,
which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the internal market.
Additional element of Article 101 TFEU:
trade between Member States must be affected

Слайд 12

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
The rules: horizontal agreements
Prices

/ discounts / margins
Information exchange
Market-sharing and customer allocation
Restriction of production, markets, developments and investments
Boycots and refusal to supply
Tying

Слайд 13

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Example 1/8
Two managers work

for competing construction firms.
They meet and agree to offer customers the same discount.
(a) One month later, they both act as agreed upon.
(b) They ignore the agreement and never execute it.
Same case, but this time, instead of a discount, they both
agree to demand a higher price (surplus).

Слайд 14

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Example 2/8
A number of

your customers is always postponing payment. Their behaviour is getting worse. Both you and your competitors suffer from this behaviour.
One day, your meet a number of competitors at a business association. Complaining about payments, you all decide to draft a ‘black list’, naming and shaming these customers.
Is this allowed?

Слайд 15

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Example 3/8
A producer of

construction materials decides from now on, it will
distribute its products exclusively through specialised shops
(excluding and bypassing large D.I.Y. chains).
Is this allowed?

Слайд 16

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Example 4/8
Recently, you offered

to supply a customer with construction materials. The customer by way of accident sends you your competitor’s offer back. You now know your competitor’s pricing.
What do you do?

Слайд 17

Exchange of information
Publicly available information
Aggregated information
Historical company data without bearing on

future market behaviour
Exchange of information of a competitive nature
Structural exchange of information (e.g. cost, quantity, price, discount, customer portfolio, capacity)

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012

Слайд 18

“Hub and Spoke” cartel
Competitors exchange company-sensitive information through a third
party

e.g. a business assocation or a mutual supplier.

Слайд 19

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Example 5/8
Your competitor sends

you an e-mail, which contains its future price list.
How do you respond?

Слайд 20

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Example 6/8
A number of

independent franchise parties belong to the same
chain of D.I.Y. Stores. They agree none of them will buy products
from supplier X anymore.
Is this allowed?

Слайд 21

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Example 7/8
At a meeting

organised by a trade organisation, two managers of
competing D.I.Y. chains meet. They discuss their respective
chains’ intention to expand / shut down both their shops.
In the end, the two managers agree it would be best if their chains
did not expand / shut down their shops.
Is this allowed?
Would your answer be different if it concerns two local D.I.Y. Chains (as opposed to the national policy of both chains).

Слайд 22

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Example 8/8
Two managers of

competing chains discuss the local government’s
intention to change the municipal development plan. This would
mean a third party could establish itself in their area. The two
managers agree they will both appeal their local government.
Are the two managers allowed to discuss this?
Would your answer be any different in case the two chains appeal (1) together, or (2) separately.

Слайд 23

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
The rules: vertical agreements

Vertical price-fixing
Agreement aimed exclusively at restricting parallel import
Market-sharing and customer allocation, unless…

Слайд 24

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
The rules: vertical price-fixing
Broad

interpretation:
Minimum price, fixed price, discounts
Price-related bonus terms or promotion
Price-related suspension, delay, sanctions
Allowed in principle:
List of recommended prices
Maximum resale prices

Слайд 25

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Example 1/2
CRH agrees

with a customer that in Belgium that customer will:
sell stones for a fixed price
provide a certain discount to its customers
receive a bonus if it respects CRH advisory prices
receive a bonus depending on how much it orders

Слайд 26

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Example 2/2
CRH has

a new line of products and developed a promotion campaign. A large D.I.Y. chain is interested, if it’s the only one amongst its competitors allowed to participate in the campaign.
CRH is willing to give the D.I.Y. chain exclusivity.
Is this allowed?

Слайд 27

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
The authorities
Two principal

authorities:
European Commission (DG COMP)
Belgian Competition Authority
General Competition Directorate
Competition Council
Regulators, investigators, enforcers

Слайд 28

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
The authorities: investigative powers

Far-reaching powers of investigation:
Information requests and hearings (orally, in writing)
Inspection business premises (dawn raid)
Inspection non-business premises (e.g. private homes)
Confiscate or copy documents, files and computer data
Telephone tap / tape recordings

Слайд 29

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
The authorities
Domestic courts
Judicial

review
No power to impose fines
May however award damages
Additional PR and reputation risk
Potential multiplier in terms of corporate damage (7,5x fine)

Слайд 30

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Corporate sanctions
Main corporate sanctions:
Agreement

is null (no conversion possible)
Fine up to 10% of annual group (!) turnover
Civil claims from third parties
Loss of reputation (naming and shaming)

Слайд 31

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Corporate sanctions
Heat equipment: EUR

3,5 million (Competition Council)
Washing powder: EUR 315 million (EC)
Prestressing steel products: EUR 269 million (EC)
LCD-panels: EUR 648 million (EC)

Слайд 32

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Corporate sanctions
Little room for

justification:
I didn’t know this was not allowed!
I’m doing this for years!
Other undertakings act the same way as we do!
Otherwise I couldn’t go through with the deal!
But this was our largest purchaser!
It was just a one-off exception!

Слайд 33

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Personal sanctions
Fines can be

imposed on ‘directors’ who:
Instruct employees re improper conduct
Manage improper conduct
First fines already imposed on CFO’s and CEO’s

Слайд 34

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Personal sanctions
Instructions regarding certain

conduct:
Doesn’t need to be a formal director
Power to dispose of
Active / passive (‘see all, hear all, say nothing’)
Managed certain conduct:
Implies a close connection with the infringement
The principal should have given an explicit mandate
Narrower than actual leadership

Слайд 35

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Do’s and don’ts
Prices.

Don’t talk to competitors about:
Prices, rebates or costs
Future pricing
In case of a pricelist, note the name of the client
Price negotiation and/or agreements with third parties
Don’t participate in meetings with competitors
One exchange, e-mail or meeting can be enough!

Слайд 36

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Do’s and don’ts
Market-sharing. Don’t

talk to competitors about:
Allocation of sale territories
Allocation of customers
Market shares
Don’t participate in meetings with competitors

Слайд 37

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)
CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012
Do’s and don’ts
So what

should you do?
Please understand that meetings with competitors are dangerous. Watch what you say.
Clearly distance yourself when a competitor suggests e.g. to fix prices or share the market. Don’t remain silent; denounce. Get up, get out and confirm your response in writing.
Be careful with agreements of an exclusive nature.
In case of doubt: always consult the CRH legal service.

Dutch Lawyer Training Slides presented in Belgium

Содержание

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Today’s topicsCompliance. Why bother?

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Recent developments The German

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Compliance. Why bother?What are

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Compliance. Why bother?ComplianceManual contains

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012 The rules

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012The rules: key legislationTreaty

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012The rules: key principlesWhat

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012The rules: categorizing conduct

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012The rules: cartels

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012The rules: cartels Article

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012The rules: horizontal agreementsPrices

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Example 1/8Two managers work

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Example 2/8A number of

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Example 3/8A producer of

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Example 4/8Recently, you offered

Exchange of informationPublicly available informationAggregated informationHistorical company data without bearing on

“Hub and Spoke” cartelCompetitors exchange company-sensitive information through a third party

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Example 5/8Your competitor sends

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Example 6/8A number of

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Example 7/8At a meeting

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Example 8/8Two managers of

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012The rules: vertical agreements

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012The rules: vertical price-fixingBroad

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Example 1/2 CRH agrees

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Example 2/2 CRH has

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012The authorities Two principal

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012The authorities: investigative powers

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012The authoritiesDomestic courts Judicial

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Corporate sanctionsMain corporate sanctions:Agreement

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Corporate sanctionsHeat equipment: EUR

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Corporate sanctionsLittle room for

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Personal sanctionsFines can be

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Personal sanctionsInstructions regarding certain

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Do’s and don’ts Prices.

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Do’s and don’tsMarket-sharing. Don’t

Minos van Joolingen (m.vanjoolingen@banning.nl)CRH, Leuven, 24 September 2012Do’s and don’tsSo what

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