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- 2. Invention of the telephone Bell speaking into a prototype model of the telephone
- 3. The modern telephone is the culmination of work done by many individuals. Alexander Graham Bell was
- 4. Mobile phone A or mobile (also called cellphone and handphone)[1] is an electronic device used for
- 5. Most current cell phones connect to a cellular network consisting of switching points and base stations
- 6. The invention of the computer There is not just one inventor of the computer, as the
- 7. In Germany, Konrad Zuse hit upon the idea of building a program-controlled calculating machine when he
- 8. However, it was not Aiken's and Stibitz's relay calculators that were decisive for the development of
- 9. John von Neumann, an influential mathematician, turned his attention to the ENIAC in the summer of
- 10. In spring 1944, von Neumann wrote his "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC" (Electronic
- 11. Television In 1921 the 14-year-old Mormon had an idea while working on his father's Idaho farm.
- 12. Not Philo Farnsworth. In 1921 the 14-year-old Mormon had an idea while working on his father's
- 13. Farnsworth applied for a patent for his image dissector in 1927. The development of the television
- 14. David Sarnoff, vice president of the powerful Radio Corporation of America, later hired Zworykin to ensure
- 15. Meanwhile back at RCA, Sarnoff had spent more than $10 million on a major TV R
- 16. Internet The Internet is a worldwide network of thousands of computers and computer networks. It is
- 17. The Internet began as a computer network of ARPA (ARPAnet) that linked computer networks at several
- 18. Internet technology is a primitive precursor of the Information Superhighway, a theoretical goal of computer communications
- 19. SISTEM INTERNET
- 20. Different types of addressing formats are used by the various services provided by internets (see Internet
- 21. The Internet Protocol The Internet Protocol is the basic software used to control an internet. This
- 23. Electro-magnetic transmitters and receivers Elisha Gray, of Highland Park, Illinois (near Chicago) also devised a tone
- 24. On 14 February 1876, Gray filed a patent caveat for a telephone on the very same
- 25. Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell of Scotland is commonly credited as the inventor of the
- 26. As Professor of Vocal Physiology at Boston University, Bell was engaged in training teachers in the
- 27. During a June 2, 1875 experiment by Bell and his assistant Watson, a receiver reed failed
- 28. After Bell and Watson discovered on June 2, 1875 that movements of the reed alone in
- 29. Bell spoke into his instrument, “Do you understand what I say?” and Mr. Watson answered “Yes”.
- 30. Bell's success Alexander Graham Bell's telephone patent drawing, 7 March 1876. Bell's Prototype Telephone Centennial Issue
- 31. The first long distance telephone call was made on 10 August 1876 by Bell from the
- 32. This primitive telephone was rapidly improved, the double electromagnet being replaced by a single bar magnet
- 33. Variable resistance transmitters Water microphone - Elisha Gray Elisha Gray recognized the lack of fidelity of
- 34. Carbon microphone - Thomas Edison Thomas Alva Edison took the next step in improving the telephone
- 35. Invention of radio Physics of wireless signalling Several different electrical, magnetic, or electromagnetic physical phenomena can
- 36. All these physical phenomena, as well as more speculative concepts such as conduction through air, have
- 37. Radio antennas radiate electromagnetic waves that can reach the receiver either by ground-wave propagation, by refraction
- 38. Hertz Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was the experimental physicist who confirmed Maxwell's work in the laboratory.[6] From
- 39. Hertz’s setup for a source and detector of radio waves (then called Hertzian waves in his
- 40. Tesla Around July 1891, Nikola Tesla constructed various apparatus that produced between 15,000 to 18,000 cycles
- 41. Bose In November 1894, the Indian physicist, Jagadish Chandra Bose, demonstrated publicly the use of radio
- 42. Braun In 1897 Ferdinand Braun joined the line of wireless pioneers. His major contributions were the
- 43. The Nobel Prize awarded to Braun in 1909 depicts this design. Braun experimented at first at
- 44. Early commercial exploitation Nikola Tesla: physicist, inventor, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer. According to Lord Kelvin,
- 45. Popov Beginning in the early 1890s, Alexander Stepanovich Popov conducted experiments along the lines of Hertz's
- 46. In the years that followed, Popov worked on his design. His receiver proved to be able
- 47. Marconi Marconi's early apparatus was a development of Hertz’s laboratory apparatus into a system designed for
- 48. By 1896, Marconi introduced to the public a device in London, asserting it was his invention.
- 49. Transatlantic transmissions In 1901, Marconi claimed to have received daytime transatlantic radio frequency signals at a
- 50. based on theoretical work as well as a reenactment of the experiment; it is possible that
- 52. Скачать презентацию
Invention of the telephone
Bell speaking into a prototype model of the
Invention of the telephone
Bell speaking into a prototype model of the
The modern telephone is the culmination of work done by many
The modern telephone is the culmination of work done by many
Mobile phone
A or mobile (also called cellphone and handphone)[1] is
Mobile phone
A or mobile (also called cellphone and handphone)[1] is
Most current cell phones connect to a cellular network consisting of
Most current cell phones connect to a cellular network consisting of
The International Telecommunication Union estimated that mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide would reach approximately 4.6 billion by the end of 2009. Mobile phones have gained increased importance in the sector of Information and communication technologies for development in the 2000s and have effectively started to reach the bottom of the economic pyramid
The invention of the computer
There is not just one inventor of
The invention of the computer
There is not just one inventor of
In Germany, Konrad Zuse hit upon the idea of building a
In Germany, Konrad Zuse hit upon the idea of building a
However, it was not Aiken's and Stibitz's relay calculators that were
However, it was not Aiken's and Stibitz's relay calculators that were
John von Neumann, an influential mathematician, turned his attention to the
John von Neumann, an influential mathematician, turned his attention to the
An equally big problem was programming the ENIAC, which could take hours or even days. In meetings with von Neumann, the idea of a stored-program, universal machine evolved. Memory was to be used to store the program in addition to data. This would enable the machine to execute conditional branches and change the flow of the program. The concept of a computer in the modern sense of the word was born.
In spring 1944, von Neumann wrote his "First Draft of a
In spring 1944, von Neumann wrote his "First Draft of a
Television
In 1921 the 14-year-old Mormon had an idea while working on
Television
In 1921 the 14-year-old Mormon had an idea while working on
Not Philo Farnsworth. In 1921 the 14-year-old Mormon had an idea
Not Philo Farnsworth. In 1921 the 14-year-old Mormon had an idea
But young Philo was not alone. At the same time, Russian immigrant Vladimir Zworykin had also designed a camera that focused an image through a lens onto an array of photoelectric cells coating the end of a tube. The electrical image formed by the cells would be scanned line-by-line by an electron beam and transmitted to a cathode-ray tube.
Rather than an electron beam, Farnsworth's image dissector device used an "anode finger" -- a pencil-sized tube with a small aperture at the top -- to scan the picture. Magnetic coils sprayed the electrons emitted from the electrical image left to right and line by line onto the aperture, where they became electric current. Both Zworykin's and Philo's devices then transmitted the current to a cathode-ray tube, which recreated the image by scanning it onto a fluorescent surface.
Farnsworth applied for a patent for his image dissector in 1927.
Farnsworth applied for a patent for his image dissector in 1927.
David Sarnoff, vice president of the powerful Radio Corporation of America,
David Sarnoff, vice president of the powerful Radio Corporation of America,
In 1934 RCA demonstrated its "iconoscope," a camera tube very similar to Farnsworth's image dissector. RCA claimed it was based on a device Zworykin tried to patent in 1923 -- even though the Russian had used Nipkow's old spinning disk design up until the time he visited Philo's lab.
The patent wars had truly begun -- and Phil, as the grown-up Farnsworth preferred to be called, was in a bind. He could not license his inventions while the matter was in court, and he wrestled with his backers over control and direction of his own company. The men in Farnsworth's loyal "lab gang" were fired and rehired several times during his financial ups and downs, but retained confidence in Phil. When Farnsworth's financiers refused his request for a broadcasting studio, the inventor and a partner built a studio on their own.
Meanwhile back at RCA, Sarnoff had spent more than $10 million
Meanwhile back at RCA, Sarnoff had spent more than $10 million
By the time World War II began, Farnsworth realized that commercial television's future was in the hands of businessmen -- not a lone inventor toiling in his lab. With his patents about to expire, Phil grew depressed, drunk and addicted to painkillers. In 1949 he reluctantly agreed to sell off Farnsworth Radio and Television.
Philo T. Farnsworth was always an outsider, a bright star blazing in the dawn of a new electronic age. His romance with the electron was a private affair, a celebration of the spirit of the lone inventor.
Internet
The Internet is a worldwide network of thousands of computers and
Internet
The Internet is a worldwide network of thousands of computers and
The Internet began as a computer network of ARPA (ARPAnet) that
The Internet began as a computer network of ARPA (ARPAnet) that
"The design of the Internet was done in 1973 and published in 1974. There ensued about 10 years of hard work, resulting in the roll out of Internet in 1983. Prior to that, a number of demonstrations were made of the technology - such as the first three-network interconnection demonstrated in November 1977 linking SATNET, PRNET and ARPANET in a path leading from Menlo Park, CA to University College London and back to USC/ISI in Marina del Rey, CA.“ Vinton Cerf explains the timing:
Internet, interconnection of computer networks that enables connected machines to communicate directly. The term popularly refers to a particular global interconnection of government, education, and business computer networks that is available to the public. There are also smaller internets, usually for the private use of a single organization, called intranets.
Internet technology is a primitive precursor of the Information Superhighway, a
Internet technology is a primitive precursor of the Information Superhighway, a
How Internets Work Internets are formed by connecting local networks through special computers in each network known as gateways. Gateway interconnections are made through various communication paths, including telephone lines, optical fibers, and radio links. Additional networks can be added by linking to new gateways. Information to be delivered to a remote machine is tagged with the computerized address of that particular machine.
SISTEM INTERNET
SISTEM INTERNET
Different types of addressing formats are used by the various services
Different types of addressing formats are used by the various services
Once addressed, the information leaves its home network through a gateway. It is routed from gateway to gateway until it reaches the local network containing the destination machine. Internets have no central control, that is, no single computer directs the flow of information. This differentiates internets from other types of online computer services, such as CompuServe, America Online, and the Microsoft Network.
The Internet Protocol
The Internet Protocol is the basic software used to
The Internet Protocol The Internet Protocol is the basic software used to
Even though computer interaction is in its infancy, it has dramatically changed our world, bridging the barriers of time and distance, allowing people to share information and work together. Evolution toward the Information Superhighway will continue at an accelerating rate. Available content will grow rapidly, making it easier to find any information on the Internet. New applications will provide secure business transactions and new opportunities for commerce. New technologies will increase the speed of information transfer, allowing direct transfer of entertainment-on-demand. Broadcast television may be replaced by unicast, in which each home receives a signal especially tailored for what its residents want to see when they want to see it.
Electro-magnetic transmitters and receivers
Elisha Gray, of Highland Park, Illinois (near Chicago)
Electro-magnetic transmitters and receivers
Elisha Gray, of Highland Park, Illinois (near Chicago)
On 14 February 1876, Gray filed a patent caveat for a
On 14 February 1876, Gray filed a patent caveat for a
Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell of Scotland is commonly credited as
Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell of Scotland is commonly credited as
Bell's March 10, 1876 laboratory notebook entry describing his first successful experiment with the telephone.
As Professor of Vocal Physiology at Boston University, Bell was engaged
As Professor of Vocal Physiology at Boston University, Bell was engaged
This background prepared Bell for work with spoken sound waves and electricity. He began his experiments in 1873-1874 with a harmonic telegraph, following the examples of Bourseul, Reis, Meucci, and Gray. Bell's designs employed various on-off-on-off make-break current-interrupters driven by vibrating steel reeds which sent interrupted current to a distant receiver electro-magnet that caused a second steel reed or tuning fork to vibrate.
During a June 2, 1875 experiment by Bell and his assistant
During a June 2, 1875 experiment by Bell and his assistant
After Bell and Watson discovered on June 2, 1875 that movements
After Bell and Watson discovered on June 2, 1875 that movements
Bell spoke into his instrument, “Do you understand what I say?”
Bell spoke into his instrument, “Do you understand what I say?”
Because of illness and other commitments, Bell made little or no telephone improvements or experiments for eight months until after his U.S. patent 174,465 was published.[15] On March 10, 1876, Bell tested Gray's water transmitter design only after Bell's patent was granted and only as a proof of concept scientific experiment[16] to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible "articulate speech" (Bell's words) could be electrically transmitted.[17] After March 1876, Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone and never used Gray's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use.[18]
Bell's success
Alexander Graham Bell's telephone patent drawing, 7 March 1876.
Bell's Prototype
Bell's success
Alexander Graham Bell's telephone patent drawing, 7 March 1876.
Bell's Prototype
Centennial Issue of 1976
The first long distance telephone call was made on 10 August
The first long distance telephone call was made on 10 August
A finished instrument was then made, having a transmitter formed of a double electromagnet, in front of which a membrane, stretched on a ring, carried an oblong piece of soft iron cemented to its middle. A mouthpiece before the diaphragm directed the sounds upon it, and as it vibrated with them, the soft iron “armature” induced corresponding currents in the coils of the electromagnet. These currents after traversing the line were passed through the receiver, which consisted of a tubular electromagnet, having one end partially closed by a thin circular disc of soft iron fixed at one point to the end of the tube. This receiver bore a resemblance to a cylindrical metal box with thick sides, having a thin iron lid fastened to its mouth by a single screw. When the undulatory current passed through the coil of this magnet, the disc, or armature-lid, was put into vibration and sounds were emitted from it.
This primitive telephone was rapidly improved, the double electromagnet being replaced
This primitive telephone was rapidly improved, the double electromagnet being replaced
Variable resistance transmitters
Water microphone - Elisha Gray
Elisha Gray recognized the lack
Variable resistance transmitters
Water microphone - Elisha Gray
Elisha Gray recognized the lack
Carbon microphone - Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison took the next step
Carbon microphone - Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison took the next step
The carbon microphone was further improved by Emile Berliner, Francis Blake, David E. Hughes, Henry Hunnings, and Anthony White. The carbon transmitter remained standard in telephony until the 1980s, and is still being produced.
Invention of radio
Physics of wireless signalling
Several different electrical, magnetic, or electromagnetic
Invention of radio
Physics of wireless signalling
Several different electrical, magnetic, or electromagnetic
Electrical Conduction through the ground, or through water.
Magnetic induction
Capacitive coupling
Electromagnetic waves
All these physical phenomena, as well as more speculative concepts such
All these physical phenomena, as well as more speculative concepts such
Capacitive and inductive coupling systems today are used only for short-range special purpose systems. The physical phenomenon used generally today for long-distance wireless communications involves the use of modulation of electromagnetic
Radio antennas radiate electromagnetic waves that can reach the receiver either
Radio antennas radiate electromagnetic waves that can reach the receiver either
Hertz
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was the experimental physicist who confirmed Maxwell's work
Hertz
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was the experimental physicist who confirmed Maxwell's work
Hertz used the damped oscillating currents in a dipole antenna, triggered by a high-voltage electrical capacitive spark discharge, as his source of radio waves. His detector in some experiments was another dipole antenna connected to a narrow spark gap. A small spark in this gap signified detection of the radio waves. When he added cylindrical reflectors behind his dipole antennas, Hertz could detect radio waves about 20 metres from the transmitter in his laboratory. He did not try to transmit further because he wanted to prove electromagnetic theory, not to develop wireless communications.
Hertz’s setup for a source and detector of radio waves (then
Hertz’s setup for a source and detector of radio waves (then
Hertz, though, did not devise a system for actual general use nor describe the application of the technology and seemed uninterested in the practical importance of his experiments. He stated that "It's of no use whatsoever ... this is just an experiment that proves Maestro Maxwell was right — we just have these mysterious electromagnetic waves that we cannot see with the naked eye. But they are there.»
Asked about the ramifications of his discoveries, Hertz replied, "Nothing, I guess." Hertz also stated, "I do not think that the wireless waves I have discovered will have any practical application.»Hertz died in 1894, so the art of radio was left to others to implement into a practical form.
Tesla
Around July 1891, Nikola Tesla constructed various apparatus that produced between
Tesla
Around July 1891, Nikola Tesla constructed various apparatus that produced between
After 1892, Tesla delivered a widely reported presentation before the Institution of Electrical Engineers of London in which he suggested that messages could be transmitted without wires. Later, a variety of Tesla's radio frequency systems were demonstrated during another widely known lecture, presented to meetings of the National Electric Light Association in St. Louis, Missouri and the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia.
Bose
In November 1894, the Indian physicist, Jagadish Chandra Bose, demonstrated publicly
Bose
In November 1894, the Indian physicist, Jagadish Chandra Bose, demonstrated publicly
Jagadish Chandra Bose in his lab
Braun
In 1897 Ferdinand Braun joined the line of wireless pioneers. His
Braun
In 1897 Ferdinand Braun joined the line of wireless pioneers. His
All pioneers working on wireless devices came to a limit of distance they could cover. Connecting the antenna directly to the spark gap produced only a heavily damped pulse train. There were only a few cycles before oscillations ceased. Braun's circuit afforded a much longer sustained oscillation because the energy encountered less losses swinging between coil and Leyden Jars. And by means of inductive antenna coupling the radiator was better matched to the generator. The resultant stronger and less bandwidth consuming signals bridged a much longer distance.
The Nobel Prize awarded to Braun in 1909 depicts this design.
Braun
The Nobel Prize awarded to Braun in 1909 depicts this design.
Braun
Early commercial exploitation
Nikola Tesla: physicist, inventor, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer.
Early commercial exploitation
Nikola Tesla: physicist, inventor, mechanical engineer and electrical engineer.
Popov
Beginning in the early 1890s, Alexander Stepanovich Popov conducted experiments along
Popov
Beginning in the early 1890s, Alexander Stepanovich Popov conducted experiments along
In the years that followed, Popov worked on his design. His
In the years that followed, Popov worked on his design. His
In 1900 a radio station was established under Popov's instructions on Hogland island (Suursaari) to provide two-way communication by wireless telegraphy between the Russian naval base and the crew of the battleship General-Admiral Apraksin. By February 5 messages were being received reliably. The wireless messages were relayed to Hogland Island by a station some 25 miles away at Kymi (nowadays Kotka) on the Finnish coast.
Marconi
Marconi's early apparatus was a development of Hertz’s laboratory apparatus into
Marconi
Marconi's early apparatus was a development of Hertz’s laboratory apparatus into
By 1896, Marconi introduced to the public a device in London,
By 1896, Marconi introduced to the public a device in London,
Marconi's reputation is largely based on these accomplishments in radio communications and commercializing a practical system. His demonstrations of the use of radio for wireless communications, equipping ships with life saving wireless communications, establishing the first transatlantic radio service, and building the first stations for the British short wave service, have marked his place in history.
Transatlantic transmissions
In 1901, Marconi claimed to have received daytime transatlantic radio
Transatlantic transmissions
In 1901, Marconi claimed to have received daytime transatlantic radio
based on theoretical work as well as a reenactment of the
based on theoretical work as well as a reenactment of the
In 1902, Marconi transmitted from his station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada across the Atlantic, and on 18 January 1903 a Marconi station built in Wellfleet, Massachusetts in 1901 sent a message of greetings from Theodore Roosevelt, the President of the United States, to King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, marking the first transatlantic radio transmission originating in the United States.
Marconi would later found the Marconi Company and would jointly receive the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun for contribution to the existing radio sciences.