Содержание
- 2. In spring and autumn the temperature distribution in the soil becomes more complicated. It depends on
- 3. Vegetative and snow cover impact on soil temperature distribution Vegetative and snow covers absorb both solar
- 4. In tropics the temperature of the nude soil can grow up to 82°C, in Middle Asia
- 5. Spring Situation is opposite to the winter. Snow makes a cooling impact on the soil. The
- 6. Interaction with forest Any forest is believed to have two active layers 1 2 The first
- 7. 93% 7% T Z Within the thick forest, in majority of cases, one can observe inversions.
- 8. Thermal regime of seas and lakes Thermal regime of water surfaces is quite different of that
- 9. The air temperature increases with height in a very thin layer of the air (a few
- 10. Quasi-homogeneous layer in the water The layer of water, where temperature does not change its value
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In spring and autumn the temperature distribution in the soil becomes
In spring and autumn the temperature distribution in the soil becomes
Snow cover makes the surface of the soil warmer compared with nude soil.
Cloudiness decreases the surface temperature at daytime and does not allow the temperature to grow down at nights.
Air mass properties may decrease the surface temperature or increase it.
Precipitation in form of rain decreases porosity and, by this way, increases heat conductivity.
Vegetative and snow cover impact on soil temperature distribution
Vegetative and snow
Vegetative and snow cover impact on soil temperature distribution
Vegetative and snow
Summer
The highest temperature is observed in the soil that is covered with burned down grass(#3). The matter is that the albedo of the nude soil(#2) is larger than that of covered with burned down grass.
In tropics the temperature of the nude soil can grow up
In tropics the temperature of the nude soil can grow up
Winter
Snow reflects almost all incoming solar radiation.
Being close to absolutely black body, it emits long wavelength radiation very well. Thus, its radiation balance is negative.
That is why the snow is quick to be cooled. However, the value of the snow conductivity is very small, and it grows up with its density increase.
Snow makes the soil warmer that it might be without the snow and, by this way protects the soil from deep freezing.
Spring
Situation is opposite to the winter. Snow makes a cooling impact
Spring
Situation is opposite to the winter. Snow makes a cooling impact
The heat coming from below
and from above
is spent for snow melting
and appearing water evaporation.
The temperature of the nude surface becomes much higher at daytime and a bit higher at night.
Results
Snow covered surface
Nude surface at day
Nude surface at night
Interaction with forest
Any forest is believed to have two active layers
1
2
The
Interaction with forest
Any forest is believed to have two active layers
1
2
The
The second is in the soil
A thick forest with the trees up to about 30 meters allows for passing 2 – 7 % of the solar radiation. Deciduous forest allows more SR to pass than the coniferous one. Temperature distribution with height with the forest is very complicated and depends on many factors.
93%
7%
T
Z
Within the thick forest, in majority of cases, one can observe
93%
7%
T
Z
Within the thick forest, in majority of cases, one can observe
In the thin forest, the temperature decreases with height. The lapse rate, at sunny summer day, can reach the value that exceeds adiabatic lapse rate.
Thermal regime of seas and lakes
Thermal regime of water surfaces is
Thermal regime of seas and lakes
Thermal regime of water surfaces is
Reasons
Higher heat conductivity of water, especially in upper 50 – 150 meters, where eddy exchange is significant.
The water heat capacity is about double of the soil.
Solar radiation can be allowed to pass as deep as 100 meters into depth of the water.
The air temperature increases with height in a very thin layer
The air temperature increases with height in a very thin layer
Quasi-homogeneous layer in the water
The layer of water, where temperature does
Quasi-homogeneous layer in the water
The layer of water, where temperature does
In summer (June – October), the QHL depth is about 50 meters.
This time, the water surface temperature is rather high, and decreases with depth (below QHL). It means that the water density increases with depth. Thus the eddy mixing is limited.
It acts under influence of wind only (mechanical mixing).
In winter, the QHL depth increases up to 100 – 150 meters. At this time of the year, the mixing is caused by both wind influence and water convection since the temperature increases with depth and correspondingly the water density decreases with depth.