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- 3. Selected English-language writers: (left to right, top to bottom) Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Mark
- 4. This article is focused on English-language literature rather than the literature of England, so that it
- 5. Old English literature: c. 450–1066 Old English literature, or Anglo-Saxon literature, encompasses the surviving literature written
- 6. Widsith, which appears in the Exeter Book of the late 10th century, gives a list of
- 7. Nearly all Anglo-Saxon authors are anonymous: twelve are known by name from medieval sources, but only
- 8. Middle English literature: 1066–1500 After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the written form of
- 9. In this period religious literature continued to enjoy popularity and Hagiographies were written, adapted and translated:
- 10. Middle English Bible translations, notably Wycliffe's Bible, helped to establish English as a literary language. Wycliffe's
- 11. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Middle English alliterative romance. It is
- 12. Middle English lasted until the 1470s, when the Chancery Standard, a London-based form of English, became
- 13. Medieval theatre In the Middle Ages, drama in the vernacular languages of Europe may have emerged
- 14. 19th century engraving of a performance from the Chester mystery play cycle
- 15. There are four complete or nearly complete extant English biblical collections of plays from the late
- 16. English Renaissance: 1500–1660 After William Caxton introduced the printing press in England in 1476, vernacular literature
- 17. Drama Among the earliest Elizabethan plays are Gorboduc (1561) by Sackville and Norton, and Thomas Kyd's
- 18. William Shakespeare William Shakespeare (1564–1616) stands out in this period as a poet and playwright as
- 19. Jacobean period: 1603–25 In the early 17th century Shakespeare wrote the so-called "problem plays", as well
- 20. Poetry George Chapman (c. 1559- c. 1634) is remembered chiefly for his famous translation in 1616
- 21. Prose The most important prose work of the early 17th century was the King James Bible.
- 22. Prose in the Restoration period is dominated by Christian religious writing, but the Restoration also saw
- 23. John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678)
- 24. During the Restoration period, the most common manner of getting news would have been a broadsheet
- 25. Drama As soon as the previous Puritan regime's ban on public stage representations was lifted, drama
- 26. 18th century
- 27. Augustan literature (1700–1750) During the 18th century literature reflected the worldview of the Age of Enlightenment
- 28. The term Augustan literature derives from authors of the 1720s and 1730s themselves, who responded to
- 29. Romanticism (1798–1837) Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the
- 30. The Romantic period was one of major social change in England and Wales, because of the
- 31. Victorian literature (1837–1901) Charles Dickens (1812–70) emerged on the literary scene in the late 1830s and
- 32. 20th century English literary modernism developed in the early twentieth-century out of a general sense of
- 33. A major British lyric poet of the first decades of the twentieth-century was Thomas Hardy (1840–1928).
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Selected English-language writers: (left to right, top to bottom) Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, Jane
Selected English-language writers: (left to right, top to bottom) Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, Jane
This article is focused on English-language literature rather than the literature of England,
This article is focused on English-language literature rather than the literature of England,
The English language has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years.The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the fifth century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England.[2] Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible as well as the Great Vowel Shift.[3] Through the influence of the British Empire, the English language has spread around the world since the 17th century.
Old English literature: c. 450–1066
Old English literature, or Anglo-Saxon literature,
Old English literature: c. 450–1066
Old English literature, or Anglo-Saxon literature,
Widsith, which appears in the Exeter Book of the late 10th century,
Widsith, which appears in the Exeter Book of the late 10th century,
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English, from the 9th century, that chronicle the history of the Anglo-Saxons.]The poem Battle of Maldon also deals with history. This is a work of uncertain date, celebrating the Battle of Maldon of 991, at which the Anglo-Saxons failed to prevent a Viking invasion.
Oral tradition was very strong in early English culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were very popular, and some, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day. Beowulf is the most famous work in Old English, and has achieved national epic status in England, despite being set in Scandinavia. The only surviving manuscript is the Nowell Codex, the precise date of which is debated, but most estimates place it close to the year 1000. Beowulf is the conventional title, and its composition is dated between the 8th and the early 11th century.
Nearly all Anglo-Saxon authors are anonymous: twelve are known by
Nearly all Anglo-Saxon authors are anonymous: twelve are known by
Two Old English poems from the late 10th century are The Wanderer and The Seafarer. [16] Both have a religious theme, and Richard Marsden describes The Seafarer as "an exhortatory and didactic poem, in which the miseries of winter seafaring are used as a metaphor for the challenge faced by the committed Christian".
Classical antiquity was not forgotten in Anglo-Saxon England, and several Old English poems are adaptations of late classical philosophical texts. The longest is King Alfred's (849–99) 9th-century translation of Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy.
Middle English literature: 1066–1500
After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the written
Middle English literature: 1066–1500
After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the written
In this period religious literature continued to enjoy popularity and Hagiographies were written,
In this period religious literature continued to enjoy popularity and Hagiographies were written,
Middle English Bible translations, notably Wycliffe's Bible, helped to establish English
Middle English Bible translations, notably Wycliffe's Bible, helped to establish English
Another literary genre, that of Romances, appears in English from the 13th century, with King Horn and Havelock the Dane, based on Anglo-Norman originals such as the Romance of Horn (ca. 1170), but it was in the 14th century that major writers in English first appeared. These were William Langland, Geoffrey Chaucer and the so-called Pearl Poet, whose most famous work is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.
Langland's Piers Plowman (written ca. 1360–87) or Visio Willelmi de Petro Plowman (William's Vision of Piers Plowman) is a Middle English allegorical narrative poem, written in unrhymed alliterative verse.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Middle
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Middle
Middle English lasted until the 1470s, when the Chancery Standard, a London-based
Middle English lasted until the 1470s, when the Chancery Standard, a London-based
At this time, literature in England was being written in various languages, including Latin, Norman-French, and English: the multilingual nature of the audience for literature in the 14th century is illustrated by the example of John Gower (c. 1330 – October 1408). A contemporary of William Langland and a personal friend of Chaucer, Gower is remembered primarily for three major works: the Mirroir de l'Omme, Vox Clamantis, and Confessio Amantis, three long poems written in Anglo-Norman, Latin and Middle English respectively, which are united by common moral and political themes.
Significant religious works were also created in the 14th century, including those of Julian of Norwich (ca. 1342 – ca. 1416) and Richard Rolle. Julian's Revelations of Divine Love (about 1393) is believed to be the first published book written by a woman in the English language.
A major work from the 15th century is Le Morte d'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory, which was printed by Caxton in 1485. This is a compilation of some French and English Arthurian romances, and was among the earliest books printed in England. It was popular and influential in the later revival of interest in the Arthurian legends.
Medieval theatre
In the Middle Ages, drama in the vernacular languages of Europe
Medieval theatre
In the Middle Ages, drama in the vernacular languages of Europe
Mystery plays and miracle plays are among the earliest formally developed plays in medieval Europe. Medieval mystery plays focused on the representation of Bible stories in churches as tableaux with accompanying antiphonal song. They developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching the height of their popularity in the 15th century before being rendered obsolete by the rise of professional theatre.
19th century engraving of a performance from the Chester mystery play cycle
19th century engraving of a performance from the Chester mystery play cycle
There are four complete or nearly complete extant English biblical
There are four complete or nearly complete extant English biblical
Having grown out of the religiously based mystery plays of the Middle Ages, the morality play is a genre of medieval and early Tudortheatrical entertainment, which represented a shift towards a more secular base for European theatre. Morality plays are a type of allegoryin which the protagonist is met by personifications of various moral attributes who try to prompt him to choose a godly life over one of evil. The plays were most popular in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries.
The Somonyng of Everyman (The Summoning of Everyman) (c. 1509 – 1519), usually referred to simply as Everyman, is a late 15th-century English morality play. Like John Bunyan's allegory Pilgrim's Progress (1678), Everyman examines the question of Christian salvation through the use of allegorical characters.
English Renaissance: 1500–1660
After William Caxton introduced the printing press in England in 1476, vernacular
English Renaissance: 1500–1660
After William Caxton introduced the printing press in England in 1476, vernacular
This Italian influence can also be found in the poetry of Thomas Wyatt (1503–42), one of the earliest English Renaissance poets. He was responsible for many innovations in English poetry, and alongside Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1516/1517–47) introduced the sonnet from Italy into England in the early 16th century.
Drama
Among the earliest Elizabethan plays are Gorboduc (1561) by Sackville and Norton, and Thomas Kyd's (1558–94) The Spanish
Drama
Among the earliest Elizabethan plays are Gorboduc (1561) by Sackville and Norton, and Thomas Kyd's (1558–94) The Spanish
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (1564–1616) stands out in this period as a poet and playwright as
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (1564–1616) stands out in this period as a poet and playwright as
Other important figures in Elizabethan theatre include Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson, Thomas Dekker, John Fletcher and Francis Beaumont.
Jacobean period: 1603–25
In the early 17th century Shakespeare wrote the so-called
Jacobean period: 1603–25
In the early 17th century Shakespeare wrote the so-called
After Shakespeare's death, the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson (1572–1637) was the leading literary figure of the Jacobean era. Jonson's aesthetics hark back to the Middle Ages and his characters embody the theory of humours, which was based on contemporary medical theory. Jonson's comedies include Volpone (1605 or 1606)) and Bartholomew Fair (1614). Others who followed Jonson's style include Beaumont and Fletcher, who wrote the popular comedy, The Knight of the Burning Pestle (probably 1607–08), a satire of the rising middle class.
Another popular style of theatre during Jacobean times was the revenge play, which was popularized in the Elizabethan era by Thomas Kyd (1558–94), and then further developed later by John Webster (?1578-?1632), The White Devil (1612) and The Duchess of Malfi (1613). Other revenge tragedies include The Changeling written by Thomas Middleton and William Rowley.
Poetry
George Chapman (c. 1559- c. 1634) is remembered chiefly for his famous
Poetry
George Chapman (c. 1559- c. 1634) is remembered chiefly for his famous
Shakespeare popularized the English sonnet, which made significant changes to Petrarch's model. A collection of 154 by sonnets, dealing with themes such as the passage of time, love, beauty and mortality, were first published in a 1609 quarto.
Besides Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, the major poets of the early 17th century included the Metaphysical poets: John Donne (1572–1631), George Herbert (1593–1633), Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvell, and Richard Crashaw.[51] Their style was characterized by wit and metaphysical conceits, that is far-fetched or unusual similes or metaphors.
Prose
The most important prose work of the early 17th century was
Prose
The most important prose work of the early 17th century was
Prose in the Restoration period is dominated by Christian religious writing, but the
Prose in the Restoration period is dominated by Christian religious writing, but the
John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678)
John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678)
During the Restoration period, the most common manner of getting
During the Restoration period, the most common manner of getting
It is impossible to satisfactorily date the beginning of the novel in English. However, long fiction and fictional biographies began to distinguish themselves from other forms in England during the Restoration period. An existing tradition of Romance fiction in France and Spain was popular in England. One of the most significant figures in the rise of the novel in the Restoration period is Aphra Behn, author of Oroonoko (1688), who was not only the first professional female novelist, but she may be among the first professional novelists of either sex in England.
Drama
As soon as the previous Puritan regime's ban on public
Drama
As soon as the previous Puritan regime's ban on public
18th century
18th century
Augustan literature (1700–1750)
During the 18th century literature reflected the worldview
Augustan literature (1700–1750)
During the 18th century literature reflected the worldview
The term Augustan literature derives from authors of the 1720s and
The term Augustan literature derives from authors of the 1720s and
In the late 18th century, Horace Walpole's 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto created the Gothic fiction genre, that combines elements of horror and romance.] Ann Radcliffeintroduced the brooding figure of the gothic villain which developed into the Byronic hero. Her The Mysteries of Udolpho (1795) is frequently cited as the archetypal Gothic novel.
Romanticism (1798–1837)
Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in
Romanticism (1798–1837)
Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in
The Romantic period was one of major social change in
The Romantic period was one of major social change in
The landscape is often prominent in the poetry of this period, so much so that the Romantics, especially perhaps Wordsworth, are often described as 'nature poets'. However, the longer Romantic 'nature poems' have a wider concern because they are usually meditations on "an emotional problem or personal crisis".
Victorian literature (1837–1901)
Charles Dickens (1812–70) emerged on the literary scene in the
Victorian literature (1837–1901)
Charles Dickens (1812–70) emerged on the literary scene in the
20th century
English literary modernism developed in the early twentieth-century out of
20th century
English literary modernism developed in the early twentieth-century out of
A major British lyric poet of the first decades of
A major British lyric poet of the first decades of