Functional aspect of speech sounds

Август 4, 2022

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Functional aspect of speech sounds

Содержание

2. Stream of sounds → segments What is a sound? [t] and [d] differentiate the meaning of
3. Phoneme definition The phoneme is a minimal abstract linguistic unit realized in speech in the form
4. Views of the phoneme fall into 4 main classes: 1) the “mentalistic” or “psychological” view: an
5. Phoneme Firstly, the phoneme is a functional unit (distinctive function). e.g.: bath-path, light-like; He was heard
6. Phoneme and Allophones An allophone is a sound that can represent a particular phoneme. Principal/subsidiary allophones;
7. Minimal pairs
8. Distinctive features Invariant of the phoneme — includes functionally relevant features: e.g [t]: occlusive, forelingual and
9. Phonological and phonetic mistakes If any allophone of some phoneme is replaced by an allophone of
10. State the difference bw the allopnones in the pairs below: pat — pit; trick — tick;
11. Sort out the oppositions according to the following features: bilabial/labio-dental, fore-lingual/backlingual, alveolar/inter-dental ni:z – ði:z sɔ:t
12. Sort out the oppositions according to the following features: front/central, mid/open, diphthong/monophthong mæn – men pɔ:k
13. Modifications of sounds in connected speech 1) Connected speech 2) Phonological processes 3) Adjustments in connected
14. What is connected speech? In spoken discourse, English words typically “run together.” They aren’t pronounced in
15. Connected speech defined Connected speech, also commonly referred to as reduced speech or sandhi-variation, involves the
16. The law of economy All languages exhibit some type of sandhi-variation in spoken utterances. According to
17. Modifications of sound Phonemes and allophones Stages of articulation: (1) the on-glide, or the initial stage
18. Types of junction (a) a consonant to a following vowel (C + V), as in the
19. Adjustments in connected speech include: Linking – the smooth connection of speech e.g. Whaddayawant? Elision –
20. Types of modifications assimilation: C accommodation: C vowel reduction: weakening in unstressed positions elision: complete loss
21. Assimilation Regressive e.g.: right now [t] is affected by the following nasal [n] and is pronounced
22. Assimilation Historical: words borrowed from Norman-French: permission, measure, etc. (adaptation of the articulation of [s] and
23. Assimilations Complete: e.g. in rapid casual speech [t] will become [p] before a bilabial consonant, as
24. Assimilations of place (plosives and nasals) 1) the alveolar [t – d - n] before interdental
25. Assimilations of place (plosives and nasals) 5) the bilabial [m] is labio-dental before the labio-dental [f-v]:
26. Assimilations of manner loss of plosion: glad to see you, great trouble lateral plosion: settle, at
27. Assimilations of voice: - regressive assimilation of voice before voiceless fortis (the preceding voiced lenis consonant
28. Accomodations Lip position: consonants become labialized under the influence of the neighbouring back vowels : boot,
29. English vowels in connected speech Quantitative modification: shortening of length in unstressed position e.g. window, ˈphoneme
30. Stylistic modifications most vowels in unstressed positions are neutralized, specially in grammatical words: because [bɪkəz], according
31. the glottal stop is often observed before the modified plosive consonant: Great Britain [ˈgreɪʔ ˈpbrɪtn], couldn’t
33. Hiyamac= Hi ya Mac! Lobuddy= Hello buddy Binearlong?= Been here long? Cuplours= Couple hours Ketchanenny?= Catching
34. 1) Classify these words and word combinations according to the type of assimilation (complete/partial, progressive/regressive): symphony,
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Stream of sounds → segments
What is a sound? [t] and [d]

differentiate the meaning of words: [tu:] — [du:] [tik] — [dik]
[t]: take, at the (aleveolar — dental)
Phoneme: sound in contrastive sense
Allophone: sounds that are variants of phoneme
PHONEME — family of sounds
ALLOPHONES — members of the family

Phonemes and Allophones

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Phoneme definition
The phoneme is a minimal abstract linguistic unit realized in

speech in the form of speech sounds opposable to other phonemes of the same language to distinguish the meaning of morphemes and words.
Three aspects of phoneme:
Functional
Material
Abstract

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Views of the phoneme fall into 4 main classes:
1) the “mentalistic” or

“psychological” view: an ideal “mental image” or a target at which the speaker aims (B. de Courtenay).
2) the so-called “functional” view: as a set of oppositions (N. Trubezkoy).
3) “abstract” view: as essentially independent of speech sounds (L. Hjelmslev of Copenhagen linguistic school).
4) “physical” view: as a “family” of related sounds related in character; not occurring in the same phonetic context as any other (D. Jones).

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Phoneme
Firstly, the phoneme is a functional unit (distinctive function).
e.g.: bath-path,

light-like; He was heard badly - He was hurt badly
Secondly, the phoneme is material, real and objective (constitutive function).
e.g.: door — darn — down; deal — day — did; bedtime — god dog; dry — dream; breadth; dweller
Thirdly, the phoneme is abstract and generalizing, one linguistic unit (recognitive function).

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Phoneme and Allophones
An allophone is a sound that can represent a

particular phoneme. Principal/subsidiary allophones; positional/combinatory; stylistic, dialectal, individual, occasional (phones).
A phoneme is used for sounds in contrastive sense; allophone for sounds which are variants of a phoneme (different environments, non-contrastive)
Articulatory features: distinctive (relevant) — non-distinctive (irrelevant).
E.g. port-court (occlusive, labial-backlingual and velar)
aspirated-non-aspirated, non-palatalized-palatalized
toy-stop; do-did

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Minimal pairs

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Distinctive features
Invariant of the phoneme — includes functionally relevant features:
e.g

[t]: occlusive, forelingual and fortis
occlusive → constrictive, [t] → [s] (tea-sea; tick-sick);
forelingual → backlingual, [t] → [k] (bat-back; tick-kick);
fortis → lenis ,[t] → [d] (bet-bed; tear-bear).
Types of relations (distribution):
Contrastive
Complementary
Free variation

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Phonological and phonetic mistakes
If any allophone of some phoneme is replaced

by an allophone of a different phoneme, the mistake is called phonological, because the meaning of the word is affected.
e.g.: [det – ded], [bi:t - bɪt], [bed - bæd] (debt-dead; beat-bit, bed-bad).
If an allophone of the phoneme is replaced by another allophone of the same phoneme the mistake is called phonetic (foreign accent).
e.g.: palataliztion, aspiration

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State the difference bw the allopnones in the pairs below:
pat —

pit; trick — tick; cradle — trade; in the desk – in a desk; stop Mary – stop Peter; glow – go; garden — guide
Are the following mistakes phonetic or phonological?
beat – [bɪt] bad – [bed] work – [wɔ:k]
meat – [mɪt] bar – [baʳ] days – [deɪs]
star – [stʰa:] tease – [tˈi:z]

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Sort out the oppositions according to the following features:
bilabial/labio-dental,
fore-lingual/backlingual,

alveolar/inter-dental
ni:z – ði:z sɔ:t — kɔ:t bu:ð- bu:t
Ɵɪk — dɪk fɔ:m — wɔ:m traɪ - kraɪ
mɔ: - fɔ: gru: - tru: wi:k – vi:l

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Sort out the oppositions according to the following features:
front/central,
mid/open,

diphthong/monophthong
mæn – men pɔ:k — pɜʊk li:k - lʌk
bed — bɜ:d stɛə — stɜ: sɔ:t – set
mæd — mʌd bɜʊt — baʊ nɒt - naɪt

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Modifications of sounds in connected speech
1) Connected speech
2) Phonological processes
3) Adjustments

in connected speech
4) Sound alternations

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What is connected speech?
In spoken discourse, English words typically “run together.”

They aren’t pronounced in an isolated fashion within the stream of speech.

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Connected speech defined
Connected speech, also commonly referred to as reduced

speech or sandhi-variation, involves the contracted forms, reductions, elisions, and liaisons used by native speakers in their oral speech.
Connected speech features reinforce the regularity of English rhythm and help preserve its stress-timed rhythm.

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The law of economy
All languages exhibit some type of sandhi-variation

in spoken utterances.
According to linguists this “ …results from a simple law of economy, whereby the organs of speech, instead of taking a new position for each sound, tend to draw sounds together with the purpose of saving time and energy.” Rogerson (2006)

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Modifications of sound
Phonemes and allophones
Stages of articulation:
(1) the on-glide, or

the initial stage (экскурсия),
(2) the retention-stage, or the medial stage (выдержка) , and
(3) the off-glide (release), or the final stage (рекурсия)
Economy of effort
Co-articulation

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Types of junction
(a) a consonant to a following vowel (C +

V), as in the word [mi:] me;
(b) a vowel to a following consonant (V + C), as in the word [σn] on;
(c) two consonants (C + C), as in the word [bləυ] blow;
(d) two vowels (V + V), as in the word [riæləti] reality

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Adjustments in connected speech include:
Linking – the smooth connection

of speech e.g. Whaddayawant?
Elision – loss of sounds in sound-clusters
e.g. windmill – /winmil/
Intrusion – intrusion of sounds for smooth pronunciation e.g. Asia and Africa ['eiʃ ərənd'æfrikə]
Assimilation – alteration of a speech sound to make it more similar to its neighbours (simplification).
Accommodation – slight modification under the influence of a neighbouring sound
Reduction – quantitative changes

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Types of modifications
assimilation: C <→ C; V <→ V
accommodation: C <→

V; C <→ V
vowel reduction: weakening in unstressed positions
elision: complete loss of sounds

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Assimilation
Regressive
e.g.: right now [t] is affected by the following nasal [n]

and is pronounced with the nasal plosion);
Progressive
e.g.: suffix -s is voiceless after a voiceless phoneme, and it is voiced after a voiced phoneme – [si:ts – si:dz]; [sets – selz]).
The English plural is either /z/ or /s/ when it occurs after a non-sibilant sound. The voicing feature is taken from the final consonant of the base. e.g. works [s] || runs / plays [z]

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Assimilation
Historical:
words borrowed from Norman-French: permission, measure,
etc. (adaptation of the articulation of

[s] and [z] to the articulation of the [j]-phoneme: [pəˈmɪʃ(ə)n], [ˈmeʒə].
Living (functioning)
Obligatory (has to be mastered in learning)
Non-obligatory (stylistic)

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Assimilations
Complete: e.g. in rapid casual speech [t] will become [p] before

a bilabial consonant, as in that person [ðæpˈpɜ:sn].
Partial: e.g. tree - [t] becomes post-alveolar under the influence of the following [r], but it retains its distinctive features and is still constrictive, forelingual and fortis.

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Assimilations of place (plosives and nasals)
1) the alveolar [t – d

- n] before interdental [θ - ð] become dental:
at the, in the, seventh, said that;
2) the alveolar [t - d] become post-alveolar before post-alveolar [r]: tree, dry, get rid of;
3) the alveolar [t - d] become affricates before the palatal [j]: fortune [ˈfɔ:ʧu(:)n], did you [ˈdɪʤu(:)];
4) the alveolar [t - d] are bilabial before a bilabial consonant (in rapid casual speech): meat pie [ˈmi:p-paɪ];

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Assimilations of place (plosives and nasals)
5) the bilabial [m] is labio-dental

before the labio-dental [f-v]:
some fruit;
6) the alveolar [n] assimilates to the velar consonants, becoming velar [η]: donkey [ˈdɒηkɪ];
7) the alveolar [n] is palato-alveolar before by [ʧ-ʤ]: (bunch, change);
8) the alveolar [s-z] are post-alveolar before [∫]: does she [ˈdʌʃʃi], horse-shoe [ˈhɔ:ʃʃu:].

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Assimilations of manner
loss of plosion:
glad to see you, great

trouble
lateral plosion:
settle, at last
nasal plosion:
not now, at night

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Assimilations of voice:
- regressive assimilation of voice before voiceless fortis

(the preceding voiced lenis consonant becomes devoiced): e.g. of course [əfˈkɔ:s]. NOTE: the voiceless fortis consonant will never become voiced and lenis (e.g. I like this [aɪ ˈlaɪk ðɪs]).
- progressive assimilation: suffixes “-ed” of regular verbs, “-s” of plural nouns and possessives. [t] after voiceless consonants (except t) and [d] after vowels and voiced consonants (except d),e.g. described [dɪsˈkraɪbd] – passed [pa:st], cats [kæts] - dogs [dɒgz], Pete’s [pɪts] - David’s [ˈdeɪvɪdz].

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Accomodations
Lip position: consonants become labialized under the influence of the

neighbouring back vowels : boot, moon, etc.
The position of the soft palate: nasalization in vowels under the influence of the neighbouring nasal sonorants [m][n] : meaning, end, some interesting men.
Elision e.g.: next day [neksˈdeɪ], acts [æks]; all right [ɔ:ˈraɪt], always [ˈɔ:wɪz]; final –f is often lost before consonants as in waste of time [ˈweɪst əˈtaɪm]; the initial h- may be lost in the pronouns and auxiliary verbs in casual speech as in What has he said? [ˈwɒt əz i ˈsed]; examples of historical elision in English: know [nɜʊ], castle [ka:sl], listen [ˈlɪsn].

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English vowels in connected speech
Quantitative modification: shortening of length in unstressed

position e.g. window, ˈphoneme and before a voiceless consonant e.g. heat, past,
Qualitative modification: reduction of quality on unstressed positions, e.g. statesman [ˈsteɪtsmən]; economic [ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪk]
Elision: omission in colloquial speech in unstressed position e.g. perhaps [pʰˈhæps], today [tʰˈdeɪ], correct [kˈrekt].

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Stylistic modifications
most vowels in unstressed positions are neutralized, specially in grammatical

words: because [bɪkəz], according to [əˈkədɪη], have [əv];
the diphthongoids [i:] and [u:] become diphthongs and then monophthongs: believe [bəˈlɪv], few [fiʊ];
diphthongs are monophthongized and then might undergo qualitative reduction as well: where [wɛ], really [ˈrɛlɪ], now they [ˈna ðe] – [ˈnʌ ðə];
vowel elision is very frequent: it’s [ts], different [ˈdɪfr(ə)nt], phonetics [ˈfnetɪks];
the degree of voicing or devoicing of consonants increases and ends with the elision of the sound: must be [mʌst bi - mʌst bpi - mʌst pi - mʌs pi];

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the glottal stop is often observed before the modified plosive consonant:

Great Britain [ˈgreɪʔ ˈpbrɪtn], couldn’t come [ˈkʊdηʔ ˈkʌm];
the palatal [j] affects the manner of articulation of the preceding [t-d] and [s-z]: as you like [əʒ u ˈlaɪk], last year [ˈla:sʧˈjɪə], student [ˈsʧu:dnt];
there is a strong tendency for elision of consonants: and the [ən ðə], a box of matches [əˈbɒks əˈmæʧəz].

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Hiyamac= Hi ya Mac! Lobuddy= Hello buddy Binearlong?= Been here long? Cuplours= Couple hours Ketchanenny?=

Catching any? Goddafew= Got a few Kindarthy?= What kind are they? Bassencarp= Bass and Carp Enysizetoum?= Any size to them? Cuplapowns= Couple of pounds Hittinard?= Hitting hard? Sordalite= Sort of light Wachoozin?=What you using? Gobbawurms= Gob of worms Fishanonboddum?= Fishing on the bottom? Rydonnaboddum= Riding on the bottom
“Whatchadrinkin?” – What are you drinking?
“Jugagimbeam” – A jug of Jim Beam Igoddago= I got to go Tubad= Too bad Seeyaround= See ya around Yeahtakideezy= Yeah take it easy Guluk!= Good Luck!

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1) Classify these words and word combinations according to the type

of assimilation (complete/partial, progressive/regressive):
symphony, just think, will you come, next time, often, tell the teacher, glad to see, right shoe, Ryan’s coat, treat, clean the board, cycle, stubborn, eagle, hot pie, plum pudding, opened, that’s the thing, open the book.

Functional aspect of speech sounds

Содержание

Stream of sounds → segmentsWhat is a sound? [t] and [d]

Phoneme definitionThe phoneme is a minimal abstract linguistic unit realized in

Views of the phoneme fall into 4 main classes:1) the “mentalistic” or

PhonemeFirstly, the phoneme is a functional unit (distinctive function). e.g.: bath-path,

Phoneme and AllophonesAn allophone is a sound that can represent a

Minimal pairs

Distinctive featuresInvariant of the phoneme — includes functionally relevant features: e.g

Phonological and phonetic mistakesIf any allophone of some phoneme is replaced

State the difference bw the allopnones in the pairs below:pat —

Sort out the oppositions according to the following features: bilabial/labio-dental, fore-lingual/backlingual,

Sort out the oppositions according to the following features: front/central, mid/open,

Modifications of sounds in connected speech1) Connected speech2) Phonological processes3) Adjustments

What is connected speech?In spoken discourse, English words typically “run together.”

Connected speech defined Connected speech, also commonly referred to as reduced

The law of economy All languages exhibit some type of sandhi-variation

Modifications of soundPhonemes and allophonesStages of articulation: (1) the on-glide, or

Types of junction(a) a consonant to a following vowel (C +

Adjustments in connected speech include: Linking – the smooth connection

Types of modificationsassimilation: C <→ C; V <→ V accommodation: C <→

AssimilationRegressivee.g.: right now [t] is affected by the following nasal [n]

AssimilationHistorical:words borrowed from Norman-French: permission, measure,etc. (adaptation of the articulation of

AssimilationsComplete: e.g. in rapid casual speech [t] will become [p] before

Assimilations of place (plosives and nasals)1) the alveolar [t – d

Assimilations of place (plosives and nasals)5) the bilabial [m] is labio-dental

Assimilations of mannerloss of plosion: glad to see you, great

Assimilations of voice: - regressive assimilation of voice before voiceless fortis

Accomodations Lip position: consonants become labialized under the influence of the

English vowels in connected speechQuantitative modification: shortening of length in unstressed

Stylistic modificationsmost vowels in unstressed positions are neutralized, specially in grammatical