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- 2. 1. The Subject and Aim of the Course. In studying the contemporary English language the learners
- 3. VOCABULARY
- 4. VOCABULARY We can notice a considerable likeness between English and German. E. sit – G. sitzen,
- 5. VOCABULARY In many cases English has a lot in common with French: E. river – Fr.
- 6. The Phonetic Structure of the Language Any student of English faces difficulties of reading and spelling
- 7. The Grammatical Structure History of English will explain why there are so few inflections in English,
- 8. The Purpose of this Subject So the purpose of this subject is a systematic study of
- 9. Classification of Germanic Languages The English language belongs to the Germanic languages which in their turn
- 10. Testimonies by Greek and Roman Writers The earliest of these was the Greek traveller and astronomer
- 11. Testimonies by Greek and Roman Writers Some data were given by Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) (in
- 12. Testimonies by Greek and Roman Writers The greatest value have the works by the Roman writer
- 13. 1. The Vindili Among them were the Goths, the Burgundians and the Vandals. They inhabited the
- 14. 1. The Vindili The Burgundians came to the mainland from the island of Bornholm in the
- 15. 2. The Ingvaeones (or Ingaevones). They inhabited the peninsular of Jutland (the mainland part of Denmark)
- 16. 3. The Iscavones (or Istaevones). They inhabited the western part of German territory on the Rhine.
- 17. 4. The Hermiones (or Herminones). They lived in the center and south of Germanic territory.
- 18. 5. The Peucini (певкины) (or Bastarnae). They lived close to what is now Roumania and very
- 19. 6. Hilleviones They inhabited Scandinavia.
- 20. Three Groups of Dialects 1. East Germanic – mainly spoken in central Europe (Gothic, Burgundian, Vandalic)
- 21. The First Consonant Shift The Common Germanic or The First Germanic Consonant Shift was formulated in
- 22. The First Consonant Shift This shift approximately happened between the 5th and the 2nd centuries BC
- 23. Three Groups of Correspondences I-E Germanic 1. p R. папа f E. father t R. три
- 24. The Causes of the Shift Some scholars explained it by physiological peculiarities of the Teutons, mainly
- 25. The Causes of the Shift Another explanation is based on the notion (понятие, представление) that every
- 26. Verner’s Law The correspondences marked by Grimm were regular only if the non-fixed IE stress fell
- 27. Verner’s Law It is read as follows : if any IE consonant was preceded by an
- 28. Rhotacism Similar modifications took place in the fricative s, which was first voiced into z and
- 29. Grammatical Alteration Alterations of voiceless and voiced consonants due to Verner’s law can be found within
- 30. The Second Consonant Shift It occurred between the 5th and 7th centuries AD in High German
- 31. The Second Consonant Shift It can be illustrated by the following examples: Common Germanic High German
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