Minor types of word-formation

from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns

Minor types

of the word
According to the part of the word that is cut off there are following types of shortening:
Initial (telephone – phone, defence - fence),
Final (holidays – hols, advertisement- ad),
Medial (fancy- fantasy)
Both Initial and Final (influenza – flu, refrigerator - fridge)

to form one word
There 2 types:
1) Additive type that may be transformed into a phrase consisting of complete stems combined by the conjunction and: Smog=smoke + fog
2) Restrictive type that can be transformed into a phrase,  the first element of which serves as a modifier for the second, e.g. telecast – television broadcast.

of a word combination.
There are two basic types of abbreviation:
1) Acronym (graphical abbreviation)-forming of the word where it formed from the first letters of the series of the word, it pronounced as a word:
National The
Aeronautical Federation
And International
Space Football
Administration Associations
Not all of the first letters are used. Often the word “and” is left out of the formula. This rule mostly applies to conjunctions and prepositions.
2) Initialism - this type of abbreviation is also called alphabetical, where the first letter of each word is used to form the final abbreviation. They are read as individual letters.
Unidentified Bavarian World Federal
Flying Motor Wide Bureau of
Object Works Web Investigation

in the phonemic composition of its root.
Sound-interchange falls into two groups:
1) vowel interchange: food – to feed. In some cases vowel-interchange is combined with suffixation: strong – strength;
2) consonant-interchange: advice – to advise.
Consonant-interchange and vowel-interchange may be combined together: life - to live.

thing by a more or less exact reproduction of the sound associated with it,
cf.: cock-a-doodle-do (English) – ку-ка-ре-ку (Russian)
Semantically, according to the source sound, many onomatopoeic words fall into a few very definite groups:
words denoting sounds produced by human beings in the process of communication or expressing their feelings, e.g. chatter, babble;
words denoting sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, e.g. moo, crack, buzz;
words imitating the sound of water, the noise of metallic noise, a forceful motion, movements, e.g. splash, clink, whip, swing.

real or supposed suffix from the existing words. The process is based on analogy.
cf.: the word to butle “to act or serve as a butler” is derived by subtraction of –er from a supposedly verbal stem in the noun butler.

the shift of the stress in the source word
cf.:  ‘ increase (n) – in ‘ crease (v), 
‘ absent (adj) – ab ‘ sent (v).

stem of a word or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change.
New words are made by doubling a stem, either without any phonetic changes or with a variation of the root-vowel or consonant. Most words made by reduplication represent informal groups: colloquialisms and slang.
cf.: blah-blah, okey-dokey, zig-zag, chick-flick, knick-knack