Modals to Express Degrees of Certainty

Июль 22, 2022

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Modals to Express Degrees of Certainty

Содержание

2. Nosy Neighbors 1 Honey, how can Mrs. Carson afford a Ferrari? Isn’t she a teacher? I
3. Nosy Neighbors 2 I haven’t seen the Chins for a month. They may have been abducted
4. Speculating about the Present Modals speculating about the present are followed by a base form verb.
5. Speculating about the Past Modals speculating about the past are followed by the past participle. past
6. Review Modals and modal-like expressions express degrees of certainty.
7. Certainty Modals and modal-like expressions express degrees of certainty. Don’t use a modal for 100% certainty.
8. He had to have robbed a bank. They must have moved to an exotic island. Near
9. Near Impossibility There are several modals that express near certainty that something is impossible, including couldn’t
10. Less Certainty There are several modals that express less certainty, including may, and might. They may
11. Practice 1 Use modals to suggest reasons for these classroom situations. Speculate on what might have
12. She ought to take us for a drive soon. Modals speculating about the future are also
13. Speculating about the Future 2 Use may, might, and could when you are less certain. The
14. Practice 2 Use modals to express future possibilities about these present situations. Example: We shop for
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Nosy Neighbors 1
Honey, how can Mrs. Carson afford a Ferrari? Isn’t

she a teacher?

I suppose. Or she could have won the lottery.

Who knows? She may have gotten a big raise at work.

Well, she might have inherited some money from her family.

I doubt it. She had to have robbed a bank!

You could be right.

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Nosy Neighbors 2
I haven’t seen the Chins for a month.
They may

have been abducted by aliens.

Or they might be staying with their son for a while.

Well, they couldn’t have gone on vacation. The dog is still there.

Hmmm. They must have moved to an exotic island.

Then they should be very happy.

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Speculating about the Present
Modals speculating about the present are followed by

a base form verb.

Then they should be very happy.

base form verb

You could be right.

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Speculating about the Past
Modals speculating about the past are followed by

the past participle.

past
participle

She could have won the lottery.

She may have gotten a big raise.

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Review
Modals and modal-like expressions express degrees of certainty.

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Certainty
Modals and modal-like expressions express degrees of certainty. Don’t use a

modal for 100% certainty.

Mrs. Carson got a raise.

The Chins went on vacation.

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He had to have robbed a bank.
They must have moved to

an exotic island.

Near Certainty

There are several modals that express near certainty, including must have and had to have.

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Near Impossibility
There are several modals that express near certainty that something

is impossible, including couldn’t have and can’t.

They just moved here.

They left all the lights on!

They couldn’t have moved away.

They can’t be out of town.

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Less Certainty
There are several modals that express less certainty, including may,

and might.

They may have been abducted by aliens.

They might be staying with their son.

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Practice 1
Use modals to suggest reasons for these classroom situations. Speculate

on what might have happened.

Example: One of your classmates is late.

She must have gotten stuck in traffic. There was a big accident.

1. You smell smoke.

2. The teacher is angry.

3. The desks are shaking.

4. You can’t find your textbook.

5. The lights go out.

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She ought to take us for a drive soon.
Modals speculating about

the future are also followed by a base form verb. The modals should and ought to express near certainty.

Speculating about the Future 1

That Ferrari should last a lifetime.

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Speculating about the Future 2
Use may, might, and could when you

are less certain.

The Chins may not return.

The house might get sold.

They could move next month.

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Practice 2
Use modals to express future possibilities about these present situations.

Example: We shop for food at grocery stores.

‘Smart’ kitchens might calculate what we need and order it electronically. In the future, household computers may do all our shopping.

1. Ordinary people don’t travel in space.

2. Houses are made of wood.

3. People pay for products with cash or credit cards.

4. Our fingerprints provide identification.