Morphemes

Июль 22, 2022

Содержание

2. A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has its own meaning. All morphemes bear
3. Unladylike The word unladylike consists of three morphemes and four syllables.Morpheme breaks: -un- 'not‘ -lady '(well
4. Dogs The word dogs consists of two morphemes and one syllable: - dog,and -s, a plural
5. Classification of morphemes Morphemes Grammatical Lexical Unbound Bound Unbound Bound (free) (free) Prepositions Inflectional Derivational Nouns
6. Lexical and Grammatical Morphemes Lexical morphemes are those that having meaning by themselves (more accurately, they
7. Free and Bound Morphemes - Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words. They
8. Root morphemes Not all morphemes are equally central to the formation of a word.  They
9. Affixes Bound morphemes (those that don’t have a sense by themselves and, additionally, always occur in
10. Inflectional and derivational affixes Affixes can be further divided into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes. Affixes
11. The distinction between inflectional and derivational affixes Inflectional Affixes - All are suffixes Have a wide
12. Inflectional Affixes There are only eight "inflectional affixes" in English, and these are all suffixes. They
13. Derivational affixes Derivational morphemes are morphemes that change the meaning or word class of a word.
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A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has

its own meaning. All morphemes bear a meaning.

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Unladylike
The word unladylike consists of three morphemes and four syllables.Morpheme breaks:
-un- 'not‘
-lady '(well

behaved) female adult human‘
-like 'having the characteristics of‘
None of these morphemes can be broken up any more without losing all sense of meaning. Lady cannot be broken up into "la" and "dy," even though "la" and "dy" are separate syllables. Note that each syllable has no meaning on its own.

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Dogs
The word dogs consists of two morphemes and one syllable:
- dog,and
-s, a plural

marker on nouns

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Classification of morphemes
Morphemes
Grammatical Lexical
Unbound Bound Unbound Bound
(free) (free)
Prepositions Inflectional

Derivational Nouns
Articles Verbs
Conjunctions Adjectives
(at, the, and)

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Lexical and Grammatical Morphemes
Lexical morphemes are those that having meaning by

themselves (more accurately, they have sense). Grammatical morphemes specify a relationship between other morphemes. But the distinction is not all that well defined.
Nouns, verbs, adjectives ({boy}, {buy}, {big}) are typical lexical morphemes.
Prepositions, articles, conjunctions ({of}, {the}, {but}) are grammatical morphemes

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Free and Bound Morphemes
- Free morphemes are those that can stand

alone as words. They may be lexical morphemes ({serve}, {press}), or grammatical morphemes ({at}, {and}).
- Bound morphemes can occur only in combination—they are parts of a word. They may be lexical morphemes (such as {clude} as in include, exclude, preclude/receive, reduce ) or they may be grammatical (such as {PLU} = plural as in boys, girls, and cats).

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Root morphemes
Not all morphemes are equally central to the formation of

a word.  They are of two types: roots and affixes.
A root is the irreducible core of a word, with absolutely nothing else attached to it. It is the part that must always be present.
Every word has at least one root and they are at the centre of word-derivational processes. They carry the basic meaning from which the rest of the sense of the word can be derived.
Morphemes such as chair, green, ballet, father, cardigan, America, Mississippi are roots, and they all happen to be free forms, i.e. independent words.
On the other hand, there are roots like seg in segment, gen in genetics, brev in brevity... which cannot stand alone as words. They are called bound root morphemes, or bound bases, as distinct from free root morphemes or free bases.
Most of bound roots found in English today are of classical origin, some of them are of Germanic origin.

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Affixes
Bound morphemes (those that don’t have a sense by themselves and,

additionally, always occur in combinations) are commonly known as affixes. T
An "affix" is bound morpheme that occurs before or after a base. An affix that comes before a base is called a "prefix." Some examples of prefixes are ante-, pre-, un-, and dis-, as in the following words:
antedate prehistoric unhealthy disregard
An affix that comes after a base is called a "suffix." Some examples of suffixes are -ly, -er, -ism, and -ness, as in the following words:
happily gardener capitalism kindness

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Inflectional and derivational affixes
Affixes can be further divided into inflectional affixes

and derivational affixes.
Affixes
Inflectional Derivational

indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word, such as changing a word into a plural or possessive form
(-s, -ing, -ed, -en,-er,
-est, ‘s)

They transform words into different parts of speech.
(-ful, -ness, -less, -ly, -y, -ish, -ment)

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The distinction between inflectional and derivational affixes
Inflectional Affixes
- All are

suffixes
Have a wide range of application. E.g. most English nouns can be made plural, with {PLU}
All native to English (since Old English was spoken around 500-1000 AD)
Derivational affixes
May be either suffixes or prefixes
- May have a wide or narrow range
- Many were adopted from Latin, Greek, or other languages. (Though others, especially the suffixes, are native, including {ful}, {like}, {ly}, and {AG})

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Inflectional Affixes
There are only eight "inflectional affixes" in English, and these

are all suffixes.
They serve a variety of grammatical functions when added to specific types of words.
-s noun plural -'s noun possessive -s verb present tense third person singular -ing verb present participle/gerund -ed verb simple past tense -en verb past perfect participle -er adjective comparative -est adjective superlative

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Derivational affixes
Derivational morphemes are morphemes that change the meaning or word

class of a word. Examples:
Negative: deactiviate, disconnect, inability, impossible, misunderstanding,unclassified
Size /degree: enlarge, underachieving, overestimated
Space /time: prerequisite, postgraduate, reuse
Change to adjective: manageable, faithful, anonymous
Change to noun: enjoyment, eagerness
Change to verb: privatise
Change to adverb: absolutely
E.g. -The addition of the prefix un- to healthy alters the meaning of healthy. The resulting word means "not healthy.“
-The addition of the suffix -er to garden changes the meaning of garden, which is a place where plants, flowers, etc., grow, to a word that refers to 'a person who tends a garden.'

Morphemes

Содержание

A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has

UnladylikeThe word unladylike consists of three morphemes and four syllables.Morpheme breaks:-un- 'not‘-lady '(well

DogsThe word dogs consists of two morphemes and one syllable:- dog,and-s, a plural

Classification of morphemes Morphemes Grammatical LexicalUnbound Bound Unbound Bound(free) (free)Prepositions Inflectional

Lexical and Grammatical MorphemesLexical morphemes are those that having meaning by

Free and Bound Morphemes- Free morphemes are those that can stand

Root morphemesNot all morphemes are equally central to the formation of

AffixesBound morphemes (those that don’t have a sense by themselves and,

Inflectional and derivational affixes Affixes can be further divided into inflectional affixes

The distinction between inflectional and derivational affixesInflectional Affixes - All are

Inflectional Affixes There are only eight "inflectional affixes" in English, and these

Derivational affixesDerivational morphemes are morphemes that change the meaning or word

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