The evidence for evolution

Содержание

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The evidence for evolution

The evidence for evolution

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learning Objective analyze the evidence for evolution

learning Objective

analyze the evidence for evolution

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Success criteria 1. Name at least three examples which are evolution

Success criteria

1. Name at least three examples which are evolution

evidences and comment two examples against reliability.
2. Carry out research and analysis of results and make report on the performed work.
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Terminology Microevolution, macroevolution, population, fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, comparative

Terminology

Microevolution, macroevolution, population, fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, comparative

biochemistry, molecular embryology, biogeography, homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures, paleontology, protein sequence data, variations in heamoglobin molecules, cytochrome c, immunological, mitochondrial DNA, continental drift, Drug-Resistant Bacteria, evolutionary tree, convergent evolution.
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Evolution … In biology, evolution is the change in the characteristics

Evolution …

In biology, evolution is the change in the characteristics of

a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection.
The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related and gradually change over time.
Evolution relies on there being genetic variation in a population which affects the physical characteristics (phenotype) of an organism.
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What is natural selection? Individuals with characteristics best suited to their

What is natural selection?

Individuals with characteristics best suited to their environment

are more likely to survive, finding food, avoiding predators and resisting disease. These individuals are more likely to reproduce and pass their genes on to their children.
As a consequence those individuals most suited to their environment survive and, given enough time, the species will gradually evolve.
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Natural selection in action: the Peppered moth

Natural selection in action: the Peppered moth

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Evolution Microevolution is the change in allele frequencies that occurs over

Evolution

Microevolution
is the change in allele frequencies that occurs over time

within a population.
mutation, selection (natural and artificial), gene flow and genetic drift.

Macroevolution
refers to the concept of large-scale evolution that occurs at the level of species and above.
reproductive isolation.
can describe differences between that organisms belonging to larger clades of organisms, for example the different taxonomic groups within the primates.

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Evidence of Evolution fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, comparative biochemistry, molecular biology, biogeography

Evidence of Evolution

fossil record,
comparative anatomy,
comparative embryology,
comparative biochemistry,
molecular

biology,
biogeography
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Fossil record The fossil reveals the existence of species that have

Fossil record

The fossil reveals the existence of species that have become

extinct or have evolved into other species. The fossil record shows there important facts:
99% of all organisms now extinct.
The radioactive dating and half-life, we know that Earth is about 4,6 billion years ago.
Prokaryotic cells are the oldest fossils and the first organisms to develop on Earth.
Transitional fossils that link older extinct fossils to modern species.
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Fossil record -Transitional fossils

Fossil record -Transitional fossils

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Comparative anatomy Organisms that have similar anatomical structures are related to

Comparative anatomy

Organisms that have similar anatomical structures are related to each

other and share a common ancestor.
Human and chimpanzees dental structure.
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Comparative anatomy Homologous structure Bat wings, the lateral fin of the

Comparative anatomy

Homologous structure
Bat wings, the lateral fin of the whale,

human arm and etc.
Although the function of each varies, they all have the same internal bone structure.
Divergent evolution.

Analogous structure
Bat’s wings and a fly’s wings, have same function but not the same underlying structure.
Convergent evolution.

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Homologous structure

Homologous structure

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Comparative embryology Closely related organisms go through similar stages in their

Comparative embryology

Closely related organisms go through similar stages in their embryonic

development because they evolved from a common ancestor.
For examples: vertebrate embryos go through a stage in which they have gill pouches on the their throats.
Unicellular
Blastula – like medusa
Fish
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Molecular biology (DNA, protein and enzyme system) Since all aerobic organisms

Molecular biology (DNA, protein and enzyme system)

Since all aerobic organisms contain

cells that carry out respiration and require ETC, they also all contain the necessary polypeptide, cytochrome c.
A comparison of the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c among different organisms shows which are most closely related.
Number of amino acid differences in β chain of heamoglobin.
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Number of amino acid differences in β chain of heamoglobin

Number of amino acid differences in β chain of heamoglobin

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Comparative biochemistry Organisms that have a common ancestor will have common

Comparative biochemistry

Organisms that have a common ancestor will have common biochemical

pathway.
The more closely related organisms are to each other, the more similar their biochemistry is.
For examples: human and mice are both mammals.
Immunological studies (reaction): serum and antibodyes.
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Biogeography The theory of continental drift (Pangaea). Supercontinent Pangaea slowly separated

Biogeography

The theory of continental drift (Pangaea).
Supercontinent Pangaea slowly separated into 7

continents.
Isolation (most of the workd’s marsupials are isolated in Australia).
Endemic species –The ring-tailed lemur in Madagascar.
North America and Eurasia floras and faunas similar.