Capacity and Demand (Lecture # 10)

Сентябрь 11, 2022

Главная
Экономика
Capacity and Demand (Lecture # 10)

Содержание

2. A problem AUA average power consumption rate is: 75 kW. Large Auditorium Lighting ONLY takes: 120
3. Solution Answer: 75 kW? 120 kW? 195 kW? Or? Answer: Solve an optimization problem.
4. Capacity & Demand Investment is needed to add the physical Stock of Capital. Capital Stock =
5. Capacity & Demand Power shortage means: Peak demand > Installed capacity Energy shortage means: Not enough
6. Load curves Electric power demand = load Load curves, regular (periodic): Daily Weekly Seasonal Per shift,
7. Seasonal
8. Daily Peak Demand Annual Frequency Histogram
9. Daily
10. Capacity factor (CF) Actual Generated Energy CF = Energy Generated @ 100% Is it constant? It
11. Hydropower
12. Comparison
13. PV capacity factor 1kW of PV produces always annual amount kWhs equal to the monitoring amount:
14. Energy Shortage: Two Approaches Construction of new capacities - supply side. Conservation, Load leveling – demand
15. Peak vs. Average vs. Base AUA peak is: 75 kW? 120 kW? 195 kW? Or? Average
16. Countrywise Peak Average Base
17. Peak All powerplants, all generation capacities are operating. We are going to extreme measures: ALLOWING TO
18. Base Consumption never goes below certain amount Metsamor NPP is providing the base power.
20. 2011Ã.-Ç Ñ½áñáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ¿É»Ïïñ³¿Ý»ñ·Ç³ÛÇ Ñ³ßí»ÏßÇé
21. ¾É»Ïïñ³¿Ý»ñ·Ç³ÛÇ Ñ³ßí»ÏßÇé
22. Average is in Between! Thus one needs: BASE, stabile, powerplants, e.g. Nuclear, Coal. CF > 90%;
24. Renewable Wind (CF Solar (CF
26. Load leveling is a method for reducing large fluctuations in power demand
27. Load Leveling - DSM Demand Side Management, the task is to decrease the demand at PEAK
28. Elasticity % Demand Change E(d) = % of Price Change
29. Load Leveling - SSM Supply Side Management, the task is to organize capacities to meet the
30. European policy In 2007, the EU was importing 82% of its oil and 57% of its
31. Energy Market
32. Dispatching
33. Storage Hydro-Pump Natural gas Thermal Hydrogen
34. Storage
35. Load levelling – pumped hydro storage
36. Load levelling – pumped hydro storage
37. RA gasification level ~94% Length of the main pipelines 14 050 km Number of gasified communities
38. Load levelling – EV fleet
40. Скачать презентацию

Слайд 2

A problem
AUA average power consumption rate is: 75 kW.
Large Auditorium Lighting ONLY

takes: 120 kW.
Size a gas driven generator.

Слайд 3

Solution
Answer:
75 kW?
120 kW?
195 kW?
Or?
Answer: Solve an optimization problem.

Слайд 4

Capacity & Demand
Investment is needed to add the physical Stock of

Capital.
Capital Stock =
= Installed Capacity = = Size = Power, In …

Слайд 5

Capacity & Demand
Power shortage means:
Peak demand > Installed capacity
Energy shortage means:
Not

enough fuel to generate power.

Слайд 6

Load curves
Electric power demand = load
Load curves, regular (periodic):
Daily
Weekly
Seasonal
Per

shift, other…?
Plus a stochastic component.

Слайд 7

Seasonal

Слайд 8

Daily Peak Demand Annual Frequency Histogram

Слайд 9

Daily

Слайд 10

Capacity factor (CF)

Actual Generated Energy
CF =
Energy Generated @ 100%

Is it constant?
It is different for different types of powerplants.

Слайд 11

Hydropower

Слайд 12

Comparison

Слайд 13

PV capacity factor
1kW of PV produces always annual amount kWhs equal

to the monitoring amount:
… e.g. in Yerevan we have 1720kWh/m2 annually.
1720/8760 = 19.63% - capacity factor for PV.
For 3 kW system we would get 5160 kWh

Слайд 14

Energy Shortage: Two Approaches
Construction of new capacities - supply side.
Conservation, Load

leveling – demand side.

Слайд 15

Peak vs. Average vs. Base
AUA peak is:
75 kW?
120 kW?
195

kW?
Or?
Average is another number…

Слайд 16

Countrywise
Peak
Average
Base

Слайд 17

Peak
All powerplants, all generation capacities are operating.
We are going to extreme

measures: ALLOWING TO LOWER SEVAN LEVEL!
We are buying power from other countries
And the power is not enough: in some places power is cut.

Слайд 18

Base
Consumption never goes below certain amount
Metsamor NPP is providing the base

power.

Слайд 19

Слайд 20

2011Ã.-Ç Ñ½áñáõÃÛ³Ý ¨
¿É»Ïïñ³¿Ý»ñ·Ç³ÛÇ Ñ³ßí»ÏßÇé

Слайд 21

¾É»Ïïñ³¿Ý»ñ·Ç³ÛÇ Ñ³ßí»ÏßÇé

Слайд 22

Average is in Between!
Thus one needs:
BASE, stabile, powerplants, e.g. Nuclear, Coal.

CF > 90%;
PEAKING, a powerplant that has relatively small capital (fixed) cost, although the operational (variable) cost is high. Gas-turbine. CF ~ 5%
INTERMEDIATE, that can output variable power. Combined cycle natural gas. CF ~ 30% ÷ 80%.

Слайд 23

Слайд 24

Renewable
Wind (CF <35%)
Solar (CF <25%)

Слайд 25

Слайд 26

Load leveling
is a method for reducing large fluctuations in power

demand

Слайд 27

Load Leveling - DSM
Demand Side Management, the task is to decrease

the demand at PEAK TIMES.
Tariff regulations: - tariffs’ non-linear dependency on power consumed. - time dependency of tariffs
Deciding the hours of operation, Chasing the load, Real-time pricing based on forecasts
Overall Energy Efficiency measures – wide use of LEDs, ventilation and insulation, etc.

Слайд 28

Elasticity

% Demand Change
E(d) =
% of Price Change

Слайд 29

Load Leveling - SSM
Supply Side Management, the task is to organize

capacities to meet the demand at PEAK TIMES.
Need in energy generation market existence with advanced dispatching capability.
Deciding the hours of generation, Chasing the load, Real-time pricing based on forecasts
Renewable energy generation encouragement policies.

Слайд 30

European policy
In 2007, the EU was importing 82% of its oil

and 57% of its gas, which then made it the world's leading importer of these fuels.
Only 3% of the uranium used in European nuclear reactors has been mined in Europe. Russia, Canada, Australia, Niger and Kazakhstan were the five largest suppliers of nuclear materials to the EU, supplying more than 75% of the total needs in 2009.
In 2015, the EU imports 53% of the energy it consumes. In January 2014, the EU agreed to a 40% emissions reduction by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, and a 27% renewable energy target.

Слайд 31

Energy Market

Слайд 32

Dispatching

Слайд 33

Storage
Hydro-Pump
Natural gas
Thermal
Hydrogen

Слайд 34

Storage

Слайд 35

Load levelling – pumped hydro storage

Слайд 36

Load levelling – pumped hydro storage

Слайд 37

RA gasification level ~94%
Length of the main pipelines 14 050 km
Number of gasified

communities 576
Number of consumers (01.03.2012) 627 065 potential consumers 80 444
Import, mln. m3 2 069/1 765
Abovian Underground
Gas Storage facility 129 mln.m3

Gas Supply System
Main Indicators (as of 31.12.2011)

Слайд 38

Capacity and Demand (Lecture # 10)

Содержание

A problemAUA average power consumption rate is: 75 kW.Large Auditorium Lighting ONLY

SolutionAnswer:75 kW? 120 kW? 195 kW? Or?Answer: Solve an optimization problem.

Capacity & DemandInvestment is needed to add the physical Stock of

Capacity & DemandPower shortage means:Peak demand > Installed capacityEnergy shortage means:Not

Load curvesElectric power demand = loadLoad curves, regular (periodic):DailyWeekly Seasonal Per

Seasonal

Daily Peak Demand Annual Frequency Histogram

Daily

Capacity factor (CF) Actual Generated EnergyCF = Energy Generated @ 100%

Hydropower

Comparison

PV capacity factor1kW of PV produces always annual amount kWhs equal

Energy Shortage: Two ApproachesConstruction of new capacities - supply side.Conservation, Load

Peak vs. Average vs. BaseAUA peak is:75 kW? 120 kW? 195

CountrywisePeakAverage Base

PeakAll powerplants, all generation capacities are operating.We are going to extreme

BaseConsumption never goes below certain amountMetsamor NPP is providing the base

2011Ã.-Ç Ñ½áñáõÃÛ³Ý ¨¿É»Ïïñ³¿Ý»ñ·Ç³ÛÇ Ñ³ßí»ÏßÇé

¾É»Ïïñ³¿Ý»ñ·Ç³ÛÇ Ñ³ßí»ÏßÇé

Average is in Between!Thus one needs:BASE, stabile, powerplants, e.g. Nuclear, Coal.

RenewableWind (CF <35%) Solar (CF <25%)

Load leveling is a method for reducing large fluctuations in power

Load Leveling - DSMDemand Side Management, the task is to decrease

Elasticity % Demand ChangeE(d) = % of Price Change

Load Leveling - SSMSupply Side Management, the task is to organize

European policyIn 2007, the EU was importing 82% of its oil

Energy Market

Dispatching

StorageHydro-PumpNatural gasThermalHydrogen

Storage

Load levelling – pumped hydro storage

Load levelling – pumped hydro storage

RA gasification level ~94%Length of the main pipelines 14 050 kmNumber of gasified

Load levelling – EV fleet

Похожие презентации

A problem
AUA average power consumption rate is: 75 kW.
Large Auditorium Lighting ONLY

Solution
Answer:
75 kW?
120 kW?
195 kW?
Or?
Answer: Solve an optimization problem.

Capacity & Demand
Investment is needed to add the physical Stock of

Capacity & Demand
Power shortage means:
Peak demand > Installed capacity
Energy shortage means:
Not

Load curves
Electric power demand = load
Load curves, regular (periodic):
Daily
Weekly
Seasonal
Per

Capacity factor (CF)

Actual Generated Energy
CF =
Energy Generated @ 100%

PV capacity factor
1kW of PV produces always annual amount kWhs equal

Energy Shortage: Two Approaches
Construction of new capacities - supply side.
Conservation, Load

Peak vs. Average vs. Base
AUA peak is:
75 kW?
120 kW?
195

Countrywise
Peak
Average
Base

Peak
All powerplants, all generation capacities are operating.
We are going to extreme

Base
Consumption never goes below certain amount
Metsamor NPP is providing the base

2011Ã.-Ç Ñ½áñáõÃÛ³Ý ¨
¿É»Ïïñ³¿Ý»ñ·Ç³ÛÇ Ñ³ßí»ÏßÇé

Average is in Between!
Thus one needs:
BASE, stabile, powerplants, e.g. Nuclear, Coal.

Renewable
Wind (CF <35%)
Solar (CF <25%)

Load leveling
is a method for reducing large fluctuations in power

Load Leveling - DSM
Demand Side Management, the task is to decrease

Elasticity

% Demand Change
E(d) =
% of Price Change

Load Leveling - SSM
Supply Side Management, the task is to organize

European policy
In 2007, the EU was importing 82% of its oil

Storage
Hydro-Pump
Natural gas
Thermal
Hydrogen

RA gasification level ~94%
Length of the main pipelines 14 050 km
Number of gasified