Political Elite and Elite Recruitment

Август 20, 2022

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Political Elite and Elite Recruitment

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2. Political Elite and Elite Recruitment The term "elite» originates from the Latin word “eligere” (“to select”),
4. Political Elite and Elite Recruitment At the end of the XIX century the theories of elite
5. Political Elite and Elite Recruitment ... Most of those "so-called upper classes"- who seems to be
6. Political Elite and Elite Recruitment "the supreme ruling class", “persons enjoying the highest prestige”, status and
7. Political Elite and Elite Recruitment It is clear that any ruling elite will justify its power
8. Political Elite and Elite Recruitment Elites, by definition, occupy the highest positions in the hierarchy of
10. Political Elite and Elite Recruitment " It is usually assumed that generally the number of these
11. Political Elite and Elite Recruitment It is obvious that the quality of political elite depends largely
13. Political Elite and Elite Recruitment The quality of the elite depends on the "transparency“ of recruitment:
14. Political Elite and Elite Recruitment A century ago, W. Pareto formulated the theory of the elites
16. Political Elite and Elite Recruitment To describe the types of elites, Pareto used famous opposition of
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Political Elite and Elite Recruitment
The term "elite» originates from the

Latin word “eligere” (“to select”), in the current literature it is widely circulated by the French “elite” - the best, chosen. Beginning from the XVII century it was used to identify products of the highest quality.
In the XVIII century, its use expanded, it begun to be used to name "chosen people", first of all, the highest nobility, as well as selected ("elite") military units.

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Political Elite and Elite Recruitment
At the end of the XIX

century the theories of elite were effectively elaborated by A. Moska and W. Pareto.
What is Elite?
Let's start with the definition of A.Pareto:
“elite- is the persons who received the highest index in their field of activity, reaching the highest level of competence”,
"the people who occupy high positions according to the degree of their influence to political, financial, social and military power ... "

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Political Elite and Elite Recruitment
... Most of those "so-called upper classes"-

who seems to be "the aristocracy" (“aristos” means “the best” from Greek) in a remarkable degree possess certain qualities - good or bad - that provide them the power " (W. Pareto)
Other “elite” definitions:
“the most politically active people,
“govern-oriented people”,
“organized minority that manages the majority of unorganized” (A. Mosca),

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Political Elite and Elite Recruitment
"the supreme ruling class",
“persons

enjoying the highest prestige”, status and wealth in a society”
“a person having the greatest authority”
(G.Lassuell)
“People with the highest sense of responsibility (X. Ortega y Gasset);
“persons with positions of power”
(A. Etzioni),
“minority that performs the most important functions in society, who has the greatest weight and influence”
(S. Keller);

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Political Elite and Elite Recruitment
It is clear that any ruling

elite will justify its power ideologically.
The existing theories of the elite are supported mainly by two approaches - meritocratic (meritocracy - the power of elected people with special qualities)
and a structural-functional approach, defining the elite as a ruling minority that occupies strategic positions in the state and economic institutions of society thus having a significant impact on the adoption of important social and political decisions to ensure the stability of the political system

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Political Elite and Elite Recruitment
Elites, by definition, occupy the highest

positions in the hierarchy of status and power because they control a larger share of the material, symbolic, and political resources of society.
It is not about unique features of those people with the exception of talented artists, writers, actors and other ones of cultural elite
Elite is the highest stratum in any system of social stratification, that’s why any “group” of elite, less or more connecting with the power and political stratification of society.

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Political Elite and Elite Recruitment
" It is usually assumed that generally

the number of these people is about 1 % of the population.
The question arises: is it possible to apply the term "elite" to those people among whom too often there are the ones who may make any, most cynic, cruel, evil actions for the sake of their power?
A study of the ruling groups in any current (and last) political systems rejects such a statement, because too often they are corrupted individuals who do not hesitate to achieve their goal by any means.

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Political Elite and Elite Recruitment
It is obvious that the quality of political

elite depends largely on the principles of recruitment.
Political recruitment - is the involvement of people into active political life. The process of recruiting is very most important factor, through which the bodies of a state and government are formed.
The process of recruitment - undermines the means and ways how people become involved in politics, how they are promoted to senior political positions (including the roles of political leaders), how they establish political contacts and make a political career - it depends on many factors.

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Political Elite and Elite Recruitment
The quality of the elite depends

on the "transparency“ of recruitment:
1) in what extension the elites are open or closed to the most active, educated, innovative people from the all classes and stratas of a society.
2) if there are any barriers in upward social mobility for morally dishonest people,
3) Is it really of the worthy people in moral and intellectual respect to be recruited into the elite?
Closed type of elite dominates in traditional society. The open type is prevalent in today's society, that requires for a high level of elite’s education and political culture.

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Political Elite and Elite Recruitment
A century ago, W. Pareto formulated

the theory of the elites circulation - through that theory a social system tends to an equilibrium and when over time it derivates from it, there is the need to returne to equilibrium.
This process forms a social cycle, which depends primarily on the circulation of elites.
They "appear in the lower strata of society and being in fight against the upper strata are rising to the highest levels, where they flourish and eventually degenerate and disappear ... This circulation of elites is an universal law of history “ by Pareto.

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Political Elite and Elite Recruitment
To describe the types of

elites, Pareto used famous opposition of the rulers given by Niccolo Machiavelli
The first type of elite («lions") is characterized by an extreme conservatism, gross "power" methods of government.
The second type of elites («foxes”) the masters of manipulation and deception.
The constant change of one of the elite by another - the result of the fact that each type has certain advantages, which, however, over time is failing to meet the needs of the sytem.

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