Training course introduction to PSR system

Содержание

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The data and information, in its totality or partial expression, contained

The data and information, in its totality or partial expression, contained

in this document are property of Indra Sistemas, S.A. This data and information cannot be disclosed totally or partially to third parties. The copy, reproduction, public communication, dissemination, total or partial distribution, modification or assignment will require the prior written authorization of Indra Sistemas, S.A. Its content cannot be used for different purposes to those for which it is provided, its use being limited to the execution of the Program it is supplied for.

Warning of Confidentiality

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Signature Sheet

Signature Sheet

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Changes Record

Changes Record

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Acronyms

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Acronyms

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Acronyms

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Acronyms

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Acronyms

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Acronyms

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Acronyms

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Acronyms

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1 Preliminary Notions

1

Preliminary Notions

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Primary Surveillance S-band radar which provides air surveillance, tracking activity and

Primary Surveillance S-band radar which provides air surveillance, tracking activity and

weather detection for all target (cooperative and non-cooperative) in short and medium ranges.
Operation:
Two different Coherent Processing Intervals (CPIs) with two transmitted pulses (Long & Short Pulses). Each CPI burst is transmitted with a certain PRF.
Reception and pulse processing in order to visualize target and weather data.
Design clues:

Range and Coverage

Probability of Detection

Power
Frequency
Resolution
False Alarms
Blind Speeds

MTAT/MTAC
Permanent Echoes
Angels
Rain, wind, ground clutter returns

CPI’s PRF Variation

Preliminary Notions

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2 Radar and Operation Concepts Radio Detection and Ranging Maximum and

2

Radar and Operation Concepts

Radio Detection and Ranging
Maximum and Minimum Range Determination


Doppler Concept
MTD-IV Processing
Blind Speeds
Frequency Diversity
Transmission Concepts
State Diagram
Stability
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Radio Detection and Ranging BASIC CONCEPT A primary radar operates by

Radio Detection and Ranging

BASIC CONCEPT
A primary radar operates by radiating electromagnetic

energy and detecting the echo reflected by objects.
The electromagnetic energy travels at constant speed, approximately the speed of light.
By using an antenna that focused the energy (directional beam), direction can be determined.

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Maximum and Minimum Range Determination MAXIMUM RANGE Radar system range is

Maximum and Minimum Range Determination

MAXIMUM RANGE
Radar system range is

not related linearly to transmitted power.
In order to improve range, transmitted power must be increased in the order of R4.
There are two different possibilities to increase maximum range:
Transmitted power rising (Higher peak power).
Transmitted pulse length increasing (Higher average power).
MINIMUM RANGE
Minimum range achieved depends on the transmitted pulse length among other factors.
While transmitting, receiving is not possible. This fact will limit the minimum range.

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Maximum and Minimum Range Determination Maximum range improvement In order to

Maximum and Minimum Range Determination

Maximum range improvement
In order to

improve maximum range, transmitted average power is risen by means of expanding transmission time pulse.
The disadvantages are a range resolution deterioration, besides minimum range will be affected.
Solutions:
1.Pulse Compression.
2.Short Pulse Transmission.

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Maximum and Minimum Range Determination Pulse Compression Range resolution is related

Maximum and Minimum Range Determination Pulse Compression

Range resolution is related

to pulse duration:
Goal: a long pulse transmission to achieve a good range, processed as a short pulse to get the SP resolution.
PULSE COMPRESSION:
This technique compresses the received long pulse signal into a short pulse.

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Maximum and Minimum Range Determination Pulse Compression NLFM (Non Linear Frequency

Maximum and Minimum Range Determination Pulse Compression

NLFM (Non Linear Frequency

Modulation)
The pulse compression technique allows to convert a long and low resolution pulse into a short pulse (narrower bandwidth). Such short pulse improves the range resolution with the same power.
The range resolution is related to the transmitted pulse width.
; PW = Pulse Width
Ex: 15000 m to 100µs
In a pulse compression system a chirp signal is transmitted. This means that the transmitted long pulse is considered as a set of short pulses with different frequencies
In this case, the range resolution do not depends on its pulse width, it depends on the bandwidth of the transmitted signal.
The formula is:
; BW = Band Width

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Maximum and Minimum Range Determination Pulse Compression (Resolution) By means of

Maximum and Minimum Range Determination Pulse Compression (Resolution)

By means of this

technique, resolution is a function of bandwidth, as seen before:
PSR transmitted bandwidth is:1,942 MHz, achieving a minimum resolution of:
On the other hand, taking into account the windowed factor=1,33:
77,24*1,33= 102,73 m
Resolution will be:
Resolution= range+range/2= 102,73+(102,73/2)= 154,1 m

meters

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Maximum and Minimum Range Determination Short Pulse Transmission SHORT PULSE TRANSMISSION:

Maximum and Minimum Range Determination Short Pulse Transmission

SHORT PULSE TRANSMISSION:
By

means of pulse compression, resolution can be improved. However, system minimum range can not. Minimum range would depend on pulse width (60 – 90 us).
Solution: transmitting a short pulse ? aprox. 1 us (nearby coverage).
This short pulse is a continuous waveform (non modulated).
Long pulse is used to further range (from the end of short pulse to the end of the coverage).

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Doppler Concept Introduction Doppler Frequency: Changes in electromagnetic frequency that occurs

Doppler Concept Introduction

Doppler Frequency:
Changes in electromagnetic frequency that occurs when the source

of the radiation and its observer move toward or away from each other.
Attending to the source radiation movement:
If the target is coming toward the observer, the frequency is higher.
If the target is moving away from the observer, the frequency is lower.
If the target is not moving, the frequency does not vary.
A clear example is the sound of a horn in a car, explained in the following slice.

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Doppler Concept Introduction Sound is propagated at 1000 ft/s. ( 1

Doppler Concept Introduction

Sound is propagated at 1000 ft/s. ( 1 NM approx..

6000 ft) ? 6 s/NM
Driver starts to press the horn at Observer-1 position and stops at Observer-2.
The car spends 60 sec. in covering the distance from observer-1 to observer-2 (1 nm.).
The sound spends 6 sec. in covering the distance between both observers (1 nm.).
Observer-1 hears the horn since driver starts to press the horn till 6 seconds after driver stops pressing it (66 sec).

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Doppler Concept Introduction Observer-2 does not hear the horn sound till

Doppler Concept Introduction

Observer-2 does not hear the horn sound till 6 seconds

after the driver started to press it, however as far as driver stops pressing the horn, the observer stops to hear it (54 sec.).
The driver hears the horn sound during exactly 60 sec.
Horn frequency = 10 KHz ? Transmission 10,000 cycles x 60 sec. = 6 x 105 cycles.
Driver = 6 x 105 cycles / 60 sec. = 10 KHz
Observer-1 = 6 x 105 cycles / 66 sec. = 9 KHz
Observer-2 = 6 x 105 cycles / 54 sec. = 11 KHz
The signal is the same for both cases. The difference performs in frequency, the later the lower the frequency, the earlier the higher the frequency.

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Doppler Concept Radar Application Considering the relative movement of a target

Doppler Concept Radar Application

Considering the relative movement of a target with

respect a radar, the frequency from the echo varies as follows:
Higher frequency if target is coming toward the radar.
Same frequency if the range does not vary (circling the radar).
Lower frequency in case target is moving away from the radar.
The change in frequency is measurable as Doppler shift and can be used to determine the radial velocity of the target.
The PSR does not measure radial velocity of a target to calculate the targets speed. It uses Doppler shift to determine if there has been a change from pulse to pulse in a given range cell (stationary or moving target).

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Doppler Concept Radar Application Calculation of Doppler shift: Wavelength: Frequency of Doppler: Radar and Operation Concepts

Doppler Concept Radar Application

Calculation of Doppler shift:
Wavelength:
Frequency of Doppler:

Radar

and Operation Concepts
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It is impossible to determine a Doppler change from one pulse

It is impossible to determine a Doppler change from one pulse

echo returned from a target.
A series of identical pulse returns must be analyzed over time to determine the Doppler phase change. This grouping of pulses is known as a Coherent Processing Interval (CPI). The Indra PSR uses 2 different CPI: 8 pulse CPI and 6 pulse CPI.
When coherent pulses are compared over a complete CPI, the magnitudes of the received signals will trace out the Doppler shift of the target.
Moving targets will have different magnitudes because phase/amplitude of the received echo is changing.
A stationary target will produce an echo in the same phase (and amplitude) over a series of pulses. The peaks are all the same amplitude, this “traces” a Doppler frequency of Zero for fixed targets.

Doppler Concept Radar Application

Radar and Operation Concepts

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MTD-IV Processing Doppler Speed Doppler processing: MTD Filter bank. High resolution

MTD-IV Processing Doppler Speed

Doppler processing:
MTD Filter bank.
High resolution for targets flying

from 20 to 800 knots.
MTD bank filter is made up of 8 and 6 FIR filters (notice that 8 implies high PRF and 6 low PRF? allows identical filters: improving resolution).
Filtering characteristics:
One filter per pulse Improves Doppler resolution. High reliability for bimodal clutter resolution.
Zero velocity filter (ZVF) Tangential target detection/clutter synchronous map updating.
The 8/6 bursts of every CPI are divided and processed by the 8/6 MTD Filters, obtaining 8/6 outputs based each on the 8/6 pulses.

Radar and Operation Concepts

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MTD-IV Processing: Doppler Speed Radar velocity (knot) Radar velocity (knot) Radar and Operation Concepts

MTD-IV Processing: Doppler Speed

Radar velocity (knot)

Radar velocity (knot)

Radar and Operation Concepts


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MTD-IV Processing: Doppler Speed PRF Concept The Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)

MTD-IV Processing: Doppler Speed PRF Concept

The Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) is the

number of transmitted pulses per second.
Inverse parameter: PRI (Pulse Repetition Interval) or PRT (Pulse Repetition Time) is the time elapses between the beginning of one pulse and the next.
The PRF establishes the maximum range and maximum non-ambiguous Doppler velocity.

Radar and Operation Concepts

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MTD-IV Processing PRT Concept The PRT of the radar becomes important

MTD-IV Processing PRT Concept

The PRT of the radar becomes important in maximum

range determination because target return times that exceed the PRT of the radar system appear at incorrect locations (ranges) on the radar screen.
Returns that appear at these incorrect ranges are referred to as AMBIGUOUS RETURNS or SECOND TIME AROUND ECHOES.

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Blind Speeds PROBLEM: If a target has a Doppler frequency which

Blind Speeds

PROBLEM:
If a target has a Doppler frequency which is a

PRF exact multiple, consecutive echoes will appear at the same Doppler signal point ? eliminated because of being zero Doppler.
SOLUTION:
Frequency diversity.
PRF variation each CPI
Stagger 1.22 (60nmi) and 1.27 (80nmi). For both configuration the first blind speed is 800 knots.
PSR allows different PRFs pairs combination.
? fr = PRF
? λ=c/f 1NM =1,852 Km
Ex. PRFb = 800 Hz ? PRFa = 1040Hz
Vb=(0,29(800Hz))/2,7Ghz = 85,9 knots
Vb=(0,29(1040Hz))/2,7Ghz = 111,7 knots

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Blind Speeds MTD filters determines first blind speed. Radar and Operation Concepts

Blind Speeds

MTD filters determines first blind speed.

Radar and Operation Concepts


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Frequency Diversity This method is used in order to improve the

Frequency Diversity

This method is used in order to improve the probability

of detection, caused by fluctuations in the amplitude of the received signal.
Consist of assigning different frequencies for each pulse (long and short), f1 and f2.
Short pulse (SP) and long pulse (LP) uses different frequencies.
Both are processed independently.
Possible interference between pulses will be eliminated.

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Transmission Concepts CPIs + PRF + Frequency Diversity Signal transmitted in

Transmission Concepts CPIs + PRF + Frequency Diversity

Signal transmitted in 2 CPIs

per beamwidth (1,4º) or 64 ACPs.
2 CPIs with different PRFs.
Subsequent frequencies F1 and F2 (separated 75.7 MHz) for LP and SP.

Azimuth sectored: synchronous clutter maps improves superclutter visibility.

Radar and Operation Concepts

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CPI 1 CPI 2 1,4 º Transmission Concepts CPIs + PRF

CPI 1

CPI 2

1,4 º

Transmission Concepts CPIs + PRF + Frequency

Diversity

PRT 2

PRT 2

PRT 1

PRT 1

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Transmission Concepts CPIs + PRF + Frequency Diversity TRANSMITTED SIGNAL: PTIP

Transmission Concepts CPIs + PRF + Frequency Diversity
TRANSMITTED SIGNAL:
PTIP ? time elapses

in synchronism generation.
TRIP ? time elapses in tx/rx.
Short pulse introduction ? Improves minimum range.
PRFa < PRFb ? Eliminate second around echoes.
Synchronous maps.
MTD Processing.
Polarization selection:
CIRCULAR (improves visibility in case of heavy rain clutter, for ex.).
LINEAR.

Radar and Operation Concepts

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State Diagram STANDARD DIAGRAM: According to range: Short or long pulse

State Diagram

STANDARD DIAGRAM:
According to range: Short or long pulse echo ?

maximum range or minimum instrumented range.
D1-D2: depends on long pulse length (configurable between 60 – 90us).
This is an example of a typical configuration, however it will be configured by sectors. According to each site (two states per pulse can be configured).
Advantage, switching processing is performed by software, therefore any mechanical switch is used in order to select channels (seamless switching).

1

Radar and Operation Concepts

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Stability STABILITY ?COHERENT RADAR Outstanding measurement in radars which uses Doppler

Stability

STABILITY ?COHERENT RADAR
Outstanding measurement in radars which uses Doppler (instabilities can

produce Doppler errors).
The transmitted signal is digitally generated by means of DDS (Direct Digital Synthesis) techniques.
Stable transmitter.
Is able to amplify the transmitted signal without affecting to stability. Three different points to check stability in CMS.
Very stable crystals (coherent oscillators) are used to generate the final frequencies for transmitted signals and also, the clocks (STALO y COHO).

Radar and Operation Concepts

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3 Design Features Evolution Main Features Characteristic Summary

3

Design Features

Evolution
Main Features
Characteristic Summary

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Evolution Collects features about Indra 3D radar (Lanza). Designed following the

Evolution

Collects features about Indra 3D radar (Lanza).
Designed following the EUROCONTROL

and ICAO Specifications.
Includes additional redundancy levels (multiple combinations allowed). Reliability, availability and maintainability.
High capacity to adapt the system on environment.
Friendly user interface and adaptation tools (graphical optimization).
Powerful integrated BITE.
Full solid state transmitter.
Graceful degradation and hot repair.
Dual beam antenna.
Seamless switching.

Design Features

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Main Features TAR and TMA applications. ASR system provides improvement levels

Main Features

TAR and TMA applications.
ASR system provides improvement levels of safety,

integrity, maintainability and reliability to enhance the quality of service and overall safety of operation.
Full solid-state technology.

Operation as Stand-alone or co-mounted with a SSR radar.
Westinghouse and Northrop Grumman heritage plus Indra military 3D PSR “Lanza” knowledge.

Design Features

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Characteristic Summary System Performance Design Features

Characteristic Summary System Performance

Design Features

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Characteristic Summary System Performance Design Features

Characteristic Summary System Performance

Design Features

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Characteristic Summary Antenna Performance Design Features

Characteristic Summary Antenna Performance

Design Features

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Characteristic Summary Receiver and Processor Performance Design Features

Characteristic Summary Receiver and Processor Performance

Design Features

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4 General Description System Architecture System Elements Functional Description Operation and Monitoring

4

General Description

System Architecture
System Elements
Functional Description
Operation and Monitoring

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System Architecture PSR + MSSR General Description

System Architecture PSR + MSSR

General Description

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System Architecture Block Diagram OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT INDOOR EQUIPMENT GRPG 1 GRPG 2 General Description

System Architecture Block Diagram

OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT

INDOOR EQUIPMENT

GRPG 1

GRPG 2

General Description

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System Architecture: Interfaces General Description

System Architecture: Interfaces

General Description

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System Architecture External Interfaces ASTERIX Cat. 34 & 48 (1 &

System Architecture External Interfaces

ASTERIX Cat. 34 & 48 (1 & 2)

ATCC

DATA PROCESSOR

WEATHER

PROCESSOR

ATCC

WEATHER MESSAGES

PLOTS & TRACKS

ASTERIX Cat. 8

General Description

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System Architecture Interfaces General Description

System Architecture Interfaces

General Description

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System Architecture Antenna and Pedestal Group (APG) APG General Description

System Architecture Antenna and Pedestal Group (APG)

APG

General Description

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System Architecture Antenna and Pedestal Group (APG) ANTENNA PEDESTAL ROTARY JOINT General Description

System Architecture Antenna and Pedestal Group (APG)

ANTENNA

PEDESTAL

ROTARY JOINT

General

Description
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System Architecture Dual Rotary Control Group (DRCG) General Description

System Architecture Dual Rotary Control Group (DRCG)

General Description

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System Architecture Transmitter, GRPG and MWG TRANSMITTER General Description

System Architecture Transmitter, GRPG and MWG

TRANSMITTER

General Description

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System Architecture Transmitter CONTROL/MONITOR BOARD CIRCUIT BREAKER 10 RF AMPLIFIER PANELS

System Architecture Transmitter

CONTROL/MONITOR BOARD

CIRCUIT BREAKER

10 RF AMPLIFIER PANELS
(FAIL-SOFT)

CABINET
REDUNDAT BLOWERS

REDUNDANT BULK

POWER
SUPPLIES

REDUNDANT PRE-
AMPLIFIERS

REDUNDANT MULTI VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLIES

General Description

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EPG1 CHANNEL A CHANNEL B CPC1 RXG1 SDG MWCG RXG2 EPG2

EPG1

CHANNEL A

CHANNEL B

CPC1

RXG1

SDG

MWCG

RXG2

EPG2

SWR2

SWR1

CPC2

MWPG

SDG: Signal Distribution Group.
MWCG:

Microwave Control Group.
CPC: Central Processor Computer.
RXG: Receiver Group.
EPG: Exciter and Processor Group.
SWR: Switch Router.
TTSU: Temperature Sensor Unit.
MWPG: MWG Polarizer and Input RF
Switches Power Supply Group.

System Architecture Dual Receiver Cabinet (GRPG)

CHANNEL 1

CHANNEL 2

General Description

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System Architecture Microwave Group (MWG) and Compressor Dehydrator Compressor Dehydrator MWG General Description

System Architecture Microwave Group (MWG) and Compressor Dehydrator

Compressor Dehydrator

MWG

General Description

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System Architecture Channel Distribution for Microwave Group (MWG) HARMONIC FILTER BIDIRECTIONAL

System Architecture Channel Distribution for Microwave Group (MWG)

HARMONIC FILTER

BIDIRECTIONAL COUPLER

WAVEGUIDE

DUPLEXER (WDD)

WAVEGUIDE POWER LOAD (WPD)

COAXIAL RECEIVER CHANNEL (CRCH)

COAXIAL SWITCH

FILTER AND LNA UNIT (FLU)

WAVEGUIDE RECEIVER PROTECTOR (WRP)

WAVEGUIDE SWITCH (WGS)

SHELF SWITCH ASSEMBLY

CRCH

CRCH

General Description

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Functional Description Antenna and Pedestal Group (APG) APG assembly performs RF

Functional Description Antenna and Pedestal Group (APG)

APG assembly performs RF signal radiation

and reception with a specific power, directivity and coverage.
Antenna ? S-band reflector (until 40º in elevation).
Two feedhorns.
Polarizer.
Pedestal ? Mechanical support and physical interface with antenna platform.
Two motors which carry on the antenna turning.
Rotary Joint ? Two encoders.
RF signal path between the antenna and the radar.
Power supply and control signals pass though slip-rings (control and polarizer feed).
DRCG ? Control and monitoring of motors and all the elements of the APG.

General Description

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Functional Description Transmission Path Diagram General Description

Functional Description Transmission Path Diagram

General Description

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Functional Description Transmission Path EPG (Frequency Generation). Oscillator signal generation (STALO

Functional Description Transmission Path

EPG (Frequency Generation).
Oscillator signal generation (STALO y COHO).
Transmitted

signal generation and up-conversion (TXGU).
Solid state transmitter.
Peak Power: 22kW
Radiation of two pulses each transmission period.
Redundancy in order to provide high reliability and graceful degradation.
N+1 redundancy.
Signal samples in three different points ? stability checking.
BITE reports ? excess duty cycle, VSWR…
Control from SCP (EPG in the receiver)? TXCU communication.
MWG
Signal path from transmitter (LOW-TGT) to antenna.

General Description

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Functional Description Reception Path Diagram CPC B CPC A DDPG (EPG

Functional Description Reception Path Diagram

CPC B

CPC A

DDPG (EPG 1)

CPC

1

CPC 2

DDPG (EPG 2)

RXG 2

RXG 1

DRU 1

DRU 2

General Description

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Functional Description Reception Path MWG (Microwave Group). Receives echoes through antenna

Functional Description Reception Path

MWG (Microwave Group).
Receives echoes through antenna and

route them toward the receiver (four independent paths).
HIGH-TGT.
LOW-TGT.
HIGH-WX.
LOW-WX.
MWCG (Microwave Control Group).
Through two boards, RFCSU (High and Low) channel 1 or 2 for MWG or RXG are selected. Cross selection is possible.
The selection is controlled by MWCU.
RXG (Receiver Group).
STCU, performs a certain attenuation level depending on the STC configuration map.
SRXU, carries out frequency filtering, down-conversion, amplification and output signal adjustment.
LOSDU, distributes LO1 and LO2 signals to SRXUs.

General Description

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EPG (DDPG: Digital Demodulator and Processor Group). DRU, performs down-conversion to

EPG (DDPG: Digital Demodulator and Processor Group).
DRU, performs down-conversion to baseband

and A/D conversion.
GPB, carries out signal and data processing.
EPG (SCBG: Synchronization, Control and BITE Group).
SYNU, system synchronism generation.
CBU, system control and BITE reception.
SDG (Signal Distribution Group).
IFCSU, routes IF signals from SRXU to SCBG (base band demodulation and processing).
SDCU, collect SDG BITE signals. Redundancy control through CBU (Control and BITE Unit).
AGSU, selects operative groups if locally controlled.
TSU, conversion and distribution of ACP/ARP signals.

Functional Description Reception Path

General Description

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RXG IF test signal from TXGU ? TISMU ? SRXUs. MWG

RXG
IF test signal from TXGU ? TISMU ? SRXUs.
MWG
RF test

signal from TXGU? MWG
EPG
Digital test signals.

Functional Description Test Signals

1

2

General Description

Слайд 73

RXG Stability control (three points of the transmitted signal are monitored)

RXG
Stability control (three points of the transmitted signal are monitored) in

TXG.
These samples are sent from TXG to TISMU and checked through STCU.

Functional Description Stability Signals

General Description

Слайд 74

Redundant dual channels for reception and signal processing. Automatic fault detection

Redundant dual channels for reception and signal processing.
Automatic fault detection

? possible automatic channel switching.
SCBG (System Control and Bite Group) receives status signals and sends control commands.
SDG: (SDCU) redundancy control (operational/stand-by channels).
SDG: Manual switching, local control (AGSU).
High operation flexibility.

Functional Description Control & Bite (SCBG in EPG). Redundant System

General Description

Слайд 75

System Controlling. Antenna (turning, polarization). Transmitter (radiation on/off). Possibility of switching

System Controlling.
Antenna (turning, polarization).
Transmitter (radiation on/off).
Possibility of switching in various points.
Operation

mode (Main/Standby).
Reception map configuration (state map).
System stability measurement.
Noise figure system measurement.
Alarms / BITE.

Functional Description Main System Functions

General Description

Слайд 76

Performance evaluation. Test target injection. Permanent Echoes. Signal processing. Pulse compression.

Performance evaluation.
Test target injection.
Permanent Echoes.
Signal processing.
Pulse compression.
MTD filtering. CFAR techniques.
Clutter

and clear day map generation.
STC map generation.
Range, azimuth and doppler estimation.
Weather signal processing.
Data processing.
Azimuth detection correlation.
Track generation.
Weather data detection (weather map).

Functional Description Main System Functions

General Description

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Operation and Monitoring Control and Monitoring System Main Screen General Description

Operation and Monitoring Control and Monitoring System Main Screen

General Description

Слайд 78

All failures are reported and are monitored in both Local or

All failures are reported and are monitored in both Local or

Remote Control and Monitoring System (SLG or SRG).
BITE is collected by the control board of each group and sent to the CBU(in control and BITE group in EPG).

Operation and Monitoring Control & BITE

Powerful BITE.
Graphical report of failures in all levels of Control and Monitoring applications using text and colour coded status elements.

General Description

- Предыдущая
Самуил Маршак. Литературная карьера писателя
Следующая -
Сервировка стола к обеду

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