Notes – short story elements. Elements of a short story

Август 1, 2022

Главная
Литература
Notes – short story elements. Elements of a short story

Содержание

3. Elements of a Short Story Setting Plot Character Conflict Point of View Theme
4. SETTING What is the historic time, place, social background of the story? Does the setting influence
5. Atmosphere - is the feeling or mood created by a writer; for example, fear in a
6. What is Conflict ? All stories are built on CONFLICT. It provides the central source of
7. Man vs. Man – involves conflicts between people – such as family conflict, trouble with a
8. Conflict, Continued: EXTERNAL CONFLICT: A struggle between a character and an outside force. Which types of
9. What is Plot ? The sequence of events, or basically what happens in a story.
10. Stages of a Plot Introduction of characters (exposition) The situation: Initial conflict (complication), Rising action –
11. Questions to ask about plot Give a brief synopsis of the story. Is the plot logical
12. PLOT Is there a climax or turning point? Is curiosity aroused? Does the author make use
13. What is Setting? The SETTING of a story serves different functions in the action and the
14. What is Character? CHARACTER is perhaps the most important of all elements of the short story.
15. TECHNIQUES OF CHARACTERIZATION DIRECT CHARACTERIZATION: The author TELLS the reader information about the characters directly. INDIRECT
16. Types of Character Protagonist – the main character , typically the “good guy” (but not always)
17. What is Point of View? The perspective from which a story is told. Ask yourself, “Who
18. Limited Points of View FIRST PERSON: the character narrates his/her own experiences directly. THIRD PERSON: the
19. POINT OF VIEW Who tells the story and how s/he tells it are critical issues that
20. OMNICSCIENT POINT OF VIEW This point of view is called “Third Person Omniscient” if the author
21. The Narrator vs. The Author If the NARRATOR is telling the story, readers must be careful
22. What is Theme? Theme is a novel/short story/poem’s central message or insight into life; a “universal
23. Flashback & Foreshadowing Flashback is an interruption in the present action of a story to tell
24. What is Figurative Language? Figurative language is a tool that an author uses to help the
25. Types of Figurative Language Simile- a figure of speech that compares two dissimilar things by using
26. Figurative Language, Cont. Hyperbole - an exaggerated statement or overstatement. It’s a figure of speech that
27. Symbolism Symbols are animals, elements, things, places, or colors, writers use to represent other things. What
28. Tone & Mood TONE is the author’s attitude/feelings about the subject of his/her writing. It is
29. Tone, & Mood Mood is the overall feeling – light, happy, dark or mysterious, for example
30. Questions to ask about diction What highly connotative words does the writer choose? Is the essay's
31. Questions to ask about tone: How does the author’s use of words, imagery, or details such
32. Other questions to ask Is symbolism important? Are there any flash backs, or is the story's
33. CHARACTERIZATION Characterization -method used by a writer to develop a character. The method includes: showing the
34. Getting to know the characters Be alert to characters in the same way you are when
35. The characters can also be symbolic satirical stock realistic exaggerated
36. Questions to ask about characters Can you sum up the appearance and important characteristics of each
37. Questions to ask about characters Does every character have a function? Are any minor characters foils,
38. A General Scheme of Analysis Optional Information a) about the author; b) about the book; c)
39. Text Analysis as Such: Genre (✔psychological, ✔social, ✔historical, ✔adventure, ✔science fiction, ✔detective, ✔Gothic fiction, ✔fantasy, ✔fairy
40. Plot Plot, Conflict and Plot Structure Conflict: ✔ single/ multiple ✔external/ internal ✔physical/ mental/ emotional/ moral/
41. Characters and Character Drawing Character presentation: direct (author’s presentation or direct self-disclosure)/ indirect (shown in action)
42. LINGUISTIC STYLISTIC TEXT ASPECT Syntactical Text Pattern: ✔length and grammatical peculiarities of sentences ✔Syntactical (& Lexico-Syntactical)
44. Скачать презентацию

Слайд 2

Слайд 3

Elements of a Short Story
Setting
Plot
Character
Conflict
Point of View
Theme

Слайд 4

SETTING
What is the historic time, place, social background of the

story?
Does the setting influence the plot or characters?
Would it make any difference if the story or certain scenes were set elsewhere?
Is there any use of symbolism in the setting?
What are the most striking scenes?
How is the setting presented ?
How much time does the action cover? How does the author treat gaps in time?

Слайд 5

Atmosphere -
is the feeling or mood created by a

writer; for example, fear in a ghost story, tension in a mystery story.
pervading tone of a place or situation
Question to ask: what kind of atmosphere does the writer create and how does he do it?

Слайд 6

What is Conflict ?
All stories are built on CONFLICT. It provides

the central source of tension and drama that make stories interesting to read.

Types of Conflict:
Man vs. Man
Man vs. Society
Man vs. Nature
Man vs. Self
Man vs. Fate
Man vs. Technology

Слайд 7

Man vs. Man – involves conflicts between people – such as

family conflict, trouble with a buddy, difficulties in romance, etc.
Man vs. Society – involves conflict between an individual and larger groups – such as the outsider in a strange culture, a poor character’s struggle to “make it” in the business world, etc.
Man vs. Nature – involves conflict between and individual and the natural world – such as fighting a powerful hurricane, surviving a plane crash in the desert, etc.
Man vs. Self – involves characters’ psychological conflicts with themselves – such as overcoming a drug habit or alcoholism, grieving over the loss of a loved one, etc.
Man vs. Fate – involves conflict with what seems to be an uncontrollable problem – such as destiny.
Man vs. Technology – involves a conflict with the forces of man-made technology – such as a robot.

Слайд 8

Conflict, Continued:
EXTERNAL CONFLICT:
A struggle between a character and an outside

force.
Which types of CONFLICT are EXTERNAL?.
INTERNAL CONFLICT:
A struggle that takes place in a character’s mind.
Which types of CONFLICT are INTERNAL?

Слайд 9

What is Plot ?

The sequence of events, or basically
what

happens in a story.

Слайд 10

Stages of a Plot
Introduction of characters (exposition)
The situation: Initial conflict (complication),
Rising

action – heightened anticipation for the reader
Climax
Falling action and Conclusion (resolution/denouement).

Слайд 11

Questions to ask about plot
Give a brief synopsis of the story.
Is

the plot logical and believable?
Is there a well-defined beginning, middle, and end?
Is there one central episode, or is the plot more episodic with no one outstanding event? If there is more than one action, is there a main plot with sub-plots?

Слайд 12

PLOT
Is there a climax or turning point?
Is curiosity aroused? Does the

author make use of dilemmas, irony, foreshadowing, flashbacks?
Is the conclusion satisfactory? Why?
Is the title a good one? Does it help to define the plot?

Слайд 13

What is Setting?
The SETTING of a story serves different functions in

the action and the emotional effect it has on the reader. In some stories, the setting might almost be considered a “character” itself!

Setting works in many important ways in the short story:
Provides a backdrop for the action (mood).
Establishes atmosphere.
Shapes character and action.
Reflects character psychology.

Слайд 14

What is Character?
CHARACTER is perhaps the most important of all elements

of the short story. Almost invariably, it is the people in stories that interest us most.

Слайд 15

TECHNIQUES OF CHARACTERIZATION
DIRECT CHARACTERIZATION:
The author TELLS the reader information about the characters

directly.
INDIRECT CHARACTERIZATION:
The author SHOWS the character in action and lets the readers make their own interpretations.
AUTHOR’S CHARACTERIZATION TOOLS:
The character’s name
Physical appearance
Character’s dress
Occupation
Home & surroundings
Habits & Actions
What other characters say or think about him/her

Слайд 16

Types of Character
Protagonist – the main character , typically the “good

guy” (but not always)

Antagonist – the character or force in conflict

Слайд 17

What is Point of View?
The perspective from which a story is

told. Ask yourself, “Who is telling the story?”
There are several different POINTS OF VIEW:

Слайд 18

Limited Points of View
FIRST PERSON: the character narrates his/her own experiences

directly.
THIRD PERSON: the author tells the story from the viewpoint of JUST one character.

Слайд 19

POINT OF VIEW
Who tells the story and how s/he tells it

are critical issues that determine the interpretation of the story.
The teller of a story is the narrator (not to be confused with the author).
The narrator could be either objective (detached) or subjective (biased).

Слайд 20

OMNICSCIENT POINT OF VIEW
This point of view is called “Third Person

Omniscient” if the author is OUTSIDE the story and presents the thoughts of ALL the characters involved as an OBJECTIVE OBSERVER.
Ex: When Jane saw Bill jogging past her house, her heart skipped a beat. When Bill saw Jane in the hallway at school, he fought hard to catch his breath. No doubt about it – it was love!

Слайд 21

The Narrator vs. The Author
If the NARRATOR is telling the story,

readers must be careful not to confuse the narrator’s attitude with the author’s. Often authors create a character to act as a narrator who expresses far different attitudes than those they hold for themselves.
THE UNRELIABLE NARRATOR:
Sometimes authors create a narrator who gives the reader clues that he or she is not to be trusted as a reliable source of information. It then becomes the reader’s job to decide the “real truth” beneath the unreliable narrator’s lies or distortions.

Слайд 22

What is Theme?
Theme is a novel/short story/poem’s central message or insight

into life;
a “universal truth.”
It is NOT “What is the story about.” It is what the work MEANS.

Слайд 23

Flashback & Foreshadowing
Flashback is an interruption in the present action of

a story to tell about something that happened in the past—a jump back in time.
Foreshadowing is when the author gives clues or hints about what might happen later on in a story.

Слайд 24

What is Figurative Language?
Figurative language is a tool that an author

uses to help the reader visualize what is happening in a story or poem. Figurative language is meant to be interpreted imaginatively, not literally.

Слайд 25

Types of Figurative Language
Simile- a figure of speech that compares two

dissimilar things by using the key words “like” or “as”
Metaphor- a figure of speech that compares two unlike things describing one as if it were the other. *Does not use “like” or “as”
Personification- a figure of speech in which human qualities are given to a nonhuman subject

Слайд 26

Figurative Language, Cont.
Hyperbole - an exaggerated statement or overstatement. It’s a

figure of speech that is not to be taken literally.

Слайд 27

Symbolism
Symbols are animals, elements, things, places, or colors, writers use to

represent other things.
What might these things symbolize?

Fox

Snake

Lamb

Red

Black

Purple

Spring

Winter

Sunset

Thunderstorm

Слайд 28

Tone & Mood
TONE is the author’s attitude/feelings about the subject of

his/her writing.
It is the way a writer uses words (connotation), creates images, chooses details, uses language, and structures sentences to present a certain attitude or feeling to the reader about his/her writing topic.
Tone can be positive, negative, or neutral.

Слайд 29

Tone, & Mood
Mood is the overall feeling – light, happy, dark

or mysterious, for example – created by an author’s words.
Mood is the way the a text makes the READER feel.

Слайд 30

Questions to ask about diction
What highly connotative words does the writer

choose?
Is the essay's diction elevated, vulgar, simple, obscure?
How does the writer's diction contribute to the theme and tone of the essay?

Слайд 31

Questions to ask about tone:
How does the author’s use of words,

imagery, or details such as gestures or allusions reveal the author’s attitude toward a character or event in the story?
What words best describe the author’s attitude toward this subject, character, or event?

Слайд 32

CHARACTERIZATION
Characterization -method used by a writer to develop a character. The

method includes:
showing the character's appearance.
displaying the character's actions.
revealing the character's thoughts.
letting the character speak.
getting the reactions of others.
giving the narrator’s own opinion (overt or implied).

Слайд 34

Getting to know the characters
Be alert to characters in the same

way you are when you meet someone.
Observe their actions.
Listen closely to what they say and how they say it.
Notice how they relate to other characters and how other characters respond to them.
Look for clues as to their purpose and significance in the story.

Слайд 35

The characters can also be
symbolic
satirical
stock
realistic
exaggerated

Слайд 36

Questions to ask about characters
Can you sum up the appearance and

important characteristics of each major character?
Which characters change during the story? Are the changes consistent and sufficiently motivated?
Are there marked similarities or contrasts among characters?
Which characters are distinct individuals (round characters)? Are there any types (flat characters)?

Слайд 37

Questions to ask about characters
Does every character have a function? Are

any minor characters foils, or are they interesting in themselves?
How are the main characters presented? Description by author? Through their own thoughts and acting? Through comments of others?

Слайд 38

A General Scheme of Analysis
Optional Information
a) about the author; b) about

the book; c) about the historical and cultural context/ literary trend/ etc
General Text Interpretation
The title (informative, evaluative or constructive)
The theme (the “what” of a story/ extract/ etc)
one-theme/ multiple-theme story basic and by-themes
The idea (≠ moral, ≠ common truths) explicit/ implicit (implied) idea

Слайд 39

Text Analysis as Such:
Genre (✔psychological, ✔social, ✔historical, ✔adventure, ✔science fiction,

✔detective, ✔Gothic fiction, ✔fantasy, ✔fairy tale, ✔, etc.)
Compositio
n, Narrative Composition Forms:
✔narration proper (scenic/panoramic)
✔description (of nature, premises, appearances, characters, etc) ✔dynamic description
✔dialogue ✔interior monologue

Слайд 40

Plot
Plot, Conflict and Plot Structure
Conflict: ✔ single/ multiple ✔external/ internal
✔physical/ mental/ emotional/ moral/

etc
✔man against man/ ✔man against himself/ ✔man against society/ nature/ fate/ etc.
Plot structure: Exposition (natural or manufactured setting)
Story including beginning, development, climax
Ending (surprise, happy, undetermined, etc)
Plot Structure Pattern: ✔open/ closed
straight line narrative presentation
complex narrative presentation (flashbacks and/or flashforwards)
circular pattern 4. frame structure (a story in a story)

Слайд 41

Characters and Character Drawing
Character presentation: direct (author’s presentation or direct

self-disclosure)/ indirect (shown in action)
Characters: ✔flat/ round ✔static/ dynamic
General Tone of the Text (emotional, unemotional, calm, satirical, sarcastic, ironic, humorous, elevated, pathetic, etc.) ✔ varying with the parts of the text or the same throughout the whole text

Слайд 42

LINGUISTIC STYLISTIC TEXT ASPECT
Syntactical Text Pattern: ✔length and grammatical peculiarities of

sentences ✔Syntactical (& Lexico-Syntactical) Stylistic Devices
Lexical Text Pattern: ✔the choice of words (neutral, colloquial or bookish vocabulary) ✔Lexical (& Lexico-Syntactical) Stylistic Devices
Phono-Graphical Text Pattern: ✔graphical form ✔ the prevailing intonation patterns and their presentation ✔Phonetic, Phono-Graphical & Graphical SDs and Expressive Means

Notes – short story elements. Elements of a short story

Содержание

Elements of a Short StorySettingPlotCharacterConflictPoint of ViewTheme

SETTING What is the historic time, place, social background of the

Atmosphere - is the feeling or mood created by a

What is Conflict ?All stories are built on CONFLICT. It provides

Man vs. Man – involves conflicts between people – such as

Conflict, Continued:EXTERNAL CONFLICT: A struggle between a character and an outside

What is Plot ? The sequence of events, or basically what

Stages of a PlotIntroduction of characters (exposition)The situation: Initial conflict (complication),Rising

Questions to ask about plotGive a brief synopsis of the story.Is

PLOTIs there a climax or turning point?Is curiosity aroused? Does the

What is Setting?The SETTING of a story serves different functions in

What is Character?CHARACTER is perhaps the most important of all elements

TECHNIQUES OF CHARACTERIZATIONDIRECT CHARACTERIZATION:The author TELLS the reader information about the characters

Types of CharacterProtagonist – the main character , typically the “good

What is Point of View?The perspective from which a story is

Limited Points of ViewFIRST PERSON: the character narrates his/her own experiences

POINT OF VIEWWho tells the story and how s/he tells it

OMNICSCIENT POINT OF VIEWThis point of view is called “Third Person

The Narrator vs. The AuthorIf the NARRATOR is telling the story,

What is Theme?Theme is a novel/short story/poem’s central message or insight

Flashback & ForeshadowingFlashback is an interruption in the present action of

What is Figurative Language?Figurative language is a tool that an author

Types of Figurative LanguageSimile- a figure of speech that compares two

Figurative Language, Cont.Hyperbole - an exaggerated statement or overstatement. It’s a

SymbolismSymbols are animals, elements, things, places, or colors, writers use to

Tone & MoodTONE is the author’s attitude/feelings about the subject of

Tone, & MoodMood is the overall feeling – light, happy, dark

Questions to ask about dictionWhat highly connotative words does the writer

Questions to ask about tone: How does the author’s use of words,

Other questions to askIs symbolism important? Are there any flash backs,

CHARACTERIZATIONCharacterization -method used by a writer to develop a character. The

Getting to know the charactersBe alert to characters in the same

The characters can also besymbolic satirical stock realistic exaggerated

Questions to ask about charactersCan you sum up the appearance and

Questions to ask about charactersDoes every character have a function? Are

A General Scheme of Analysis Optional Informationa) about the author; b) about

Text Analysis as Such: Genre (✔psychological, ✔social, ✔historical, ✔adventure, ✔science fiction,

PlotPlot, Conflict and Plot StructureConflict: ✔ single/ multiple ✔external/ internal ✔physical/ mental/ emotional/ moral/

Characters and Character Drawing Character presentation: direct (author’s presentation or direct

LINGUISTIC STYLISTIC TEXT ASPECT Syntactical Text Pattern: ✔length and grammatical peculiarities of

Похожие презентации