Hygiene of children

Содержание

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* Hygiene of children studies especial features of children, inffluence on

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Hygiene of children studies especial features of children, inffluence on children

factors of environment and elaborates measures of health safety and improvement.
There are the following periodizations of growth and development of children.
BIOLOGICAL PERIODIZATION OF GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN
1.New-born period –1-10 days after birth
Baby – in- arms - 10 days – 1year after birth
Early childhood- 1 - 3 years age
First childhood- 4 - 7 years age
Second childhood
boys - 8 – 12 years age; girls - 8 – 11 years age
Adolescents -
boys - 13 – 16 years age; girls - 12 – 15 years age
Youthful period
boys - 17 – 21 years age; girls - 16 – 20 years age
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* SOCIAL PERIODIZATION Each group of children attends special children’s educational

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SOCIAL PERIODIZATION
Each group of children attends special children’s educational institutions and

for each group it is necessary to carryout special educational work and medical care.
1gr – baby–in–arms ( up to 1 year )
2gr – under pre-school (1-3 years)
3gr - pre-school (4-6 years)
4gr – younger school ( 7-10 years)
5gr – middle school ( 11-14 years)
6gr – oldest school ( 15-18 years)
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* Тема первая Especial features of growth and development of children

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Тема первая

Especial features of growth and development of children
1.inequality of growth

and development a whole body of children in different periods of ages. A maximum growth – at 1-7 ages and 12-16 ages.
2. inequality of growth and development organs and systems in different periods of ages.
( Brain growths till birth to 7 ages. Vessels growth a more quick than heart at all periods. 1-10 ages child has hypermetropic eye and normal ocular refraction is formed only to 11 ages.Younger school children have functional and physiologic infantilism of central nervous system and therefore stability of attention and mental working capacity are lowered.
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* Тема вторая M Method of investigation of growth and development

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Тема вторая

M
Method of investigation of growth and development of children:
1.      Somatoscopic

signs:
a). Skin fat thickness- it is recoded at the level of the umbilical. Normal size- 1-2 sm
b). The shape of chest – trivial shape – cylindrical and conic ones;
pathological shape – barrel, funnel, chicken ones
c) Shape of spinal column- normal shape – there are cervicothoracic deviation and thoracolumbar deviation
pathological shape- kyphotic, lordotic, scoliotic shapes.
Kyphotic shape – there is pathologic cervicothoracic deviation of spinal column
Lordotic shape – there is pathologic thoracolumbar deviation of spinal column
Scoliotic shape - there is pathologic deviation of spinal column to the left or to the right of the middle’s body.
d) Indexes of sexual development:
at boys - appearence of axillary and pubic hair; appearence of Adam’s apple and change of the voice; appearence of beard (barba)
at girls - the breast changes; appearence of axillary and pubic hair; appearence of menstruation
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* 2. Somatometric signs –are determined with the aid of simple

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2.      Somatometric signs –are determined with the aid of simple devices.

For example: weight is measured with the aid of medical spring balance; length of body - with height meter; head and chest circumference – with centimetric tape
3.      Physiometric signs – are determined with the aid of devices such as dynamometer, spirometer, sphygmomanometer. These signs characterize functional systems of organism ( for example resparatory, circulatory systems )
Dynamometer measures muscular power, spirometer measures pulmonarycapacity; sphygmomanometer measures blood pressure
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* Method of estimation of growth and development of children 1.

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Method of estimation of growth and development of children
1. Method

of sigmal deviation
This method is used for estimation height; weigh; circumference of a chest, head and other indexes of physical development. Defect of method - each index describe only one sign of physical development out of another indexes. Tables of sigmal deviation are utilized by this method. Ones contain of average indexes of height; weigh; circumference of a chest, head and other indexes and their δ - deflexions. Conclusion is given in the following way:
a)      average index of height; weigh; circumference of a chest, head and other indexes of physical development ( standard deviation is
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* a) average physical development: standard deviation of a height; weigh;

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      a) average physical development: standard deviation of a height; weigh;

circumference of a chest, head and other indexes of physical development is from –1.0 to + 1.0 σR
            b) below the average index ( standard deviation is from –1.1 to - 2.0 σR )
c) low index ( standard deviation less than –2.1 σR)
d) higher than average index ( standard deviation is from + 1.1 to + 2.0 σR)
e) high index ( standard deviation more than +2.1 σR )
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* 2. Method of regressive scales. Harmony of physical development is

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2.      Method of regressive scales.
Harmony of physical development is determined

by method of regressive scales.
Physical development is harmony ( difference between height and weight σR
± 1.0 σR )
2. Physical development is disharmony ( difference between height and weight σR
from ± 1.1 to ± 2.0 )
3. Physical development is sharp disharmony ( difference between height and weight σR
more than + 2.1 or less than - 2.1 σR )
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* 3. Method of centiles Percentiles are easier to understand than

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3. Method of centiles
Percentiles are easier to understand than sigmal deviation

and method of regressive scales. Any indexes of physical development 100 children the same sex and age put in order of increase from 1 to 100 and enter in a table. Ordinal number of child in this row is called centile.
Conclusion is given in the following way:
The child has normal, average indexes, conforming to the age if indexes of child in a table dispose from 25 to 75 centiles
If indexes of child in a table dispose from 75 centiles and higher - higher than average indexes
If indexes of child in a table dispose from 25 centiles and below - below the average indexes
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* Groups of health 1group. Healthy children. This group includes harmonious

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Groups of health

1group. Healthy children. This group includes harmonious developed children
2

group. Practically healthy children. This group includes disharmonious and sharp disharmonious developed children; children with low resistance from acute and chronic diseases ( acute respiratory diseases 1 –3 times a year )
3 group. Children with chronic diseases at compensation stage
4 group. Children with chronic diseases at subcompensation stage Children have low functional indices ( respiratory capacity, dynamometry)
5 group. Children with chronic diseases at decompensation stage. Children do not go to school.
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* The class furniture Seat and desks are important for the

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The class furniture Seat and desks are important for the health of

schoolboys. The arrangement of the size of the furniture depends upon their height. They must feel comfortable and sit in the correct position. The desks should be with a slope for writing and reading. There should be space below the desk for the knees. The construction of the class furniture is very important and it should support the spine m the correct position, and prevent the child from physical defects. There are three types of relationship between the seats and desks: a) Zero position b) Plus position , c) Minus position The suitable is the minus-position   Picture 7. Correct position of the child
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* Biological age - complex anatomical, physiologic and functional indices characterizing

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Biological age - complex anatomical, physiologic and functional indices characterizing children of

the same age. This complex include: 1.height 2.. Increase of height at year 3. Quantity of first tooth 4. Quantity of second tooth 5. Indices of sexual development. These indices are named criteria Tanner. Criteria Tanner. For boys- degree of pilosis axillary space, pubic region, development of beard and Adam’s apple For girls- degree of pilosis axillary space, pubic region, development of mammary glands, menses appearance.
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Examination tasks General hygiene 1. In the town N. there is

Examination tasks

General hygiene
1. In the town N. there is high level

of atmosphere pollution. What parameters of the health of population in this town can show direct negative influence of atmosphere pollution?

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General hygiene 2. Give hygienic estimation of air pollution in city

General hygiene

2. Give hygienic estimation of air pollution in city L.,

if content of substance F. makes 0,7 MPC (maximal permissible concentration), substance A. – 0,5 MPC. Combination action of these substances on organism is marked .

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Hygiene of nutrition 3. Give hygienic estimation of a feed of

Hygiene of nutrition

3. Give hygienic estimation of a feed of the

man 20-years (daily energy loss – 3800 kCal) receiving for day 50g proteins, 50g fats and 200g carbohydrates. A feed will be carried out 4 times per day. What correction of a feed is necessary in this case?

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Hygiene of nutrition 4. Give hygienic estimation of a feed of

Hygiene of nutrition

4. Give hygienic estimation of a feed of the

old man (67 years) receiving for day 20g proteins, 150g fats and 500g of carbohydrates. A feed will be carried out 3 times per day. In blood there is hyper-cholesterinamya. What correction of a feeding it is necessary to do in this case? What antysclerotic alimentary factors must be included in his feeding

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Hygiene of nutrition 5. Patient has weakness, vomiting, diarrhoea, strong pains

Hygiene of nutrition

5. Patient has weakness, vomiting, diarrhoea, strong pains in

a stomach. Anamnesis: using cakes bought in the market. Put the diagnosis of a food poisoning, what are the preventive measures of this poisoning?

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Hygiene of nutrition 6. Give hygienic estimation of milk: Densities at

Hygiene of nutrition

6. Give hygienic estimation of milk:
Densities at 20 oC

- 1,010, fat content - 1 %; the dry rest - 11 %, acidity - 24 o Terner. What devices are used for sanitary examination?

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Municipal hygiene 7. At estimation of a microclimate in a class

Municipal hygiene

7. At estimation of a microclimate in a class is

established: temperature of air 23 0C; humidity 50 %, speed of movement of air 0,5 m/sec.
Give hygienic estimation of microclimate, what devices were used for measurement the specified parameters?

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Municipal hygiene 8. At estimation of a microclimate on sea beach

Municipal hygiene

8. At estimation of a microclimate on sea beach of

sanatorium is established: speed of movement of air 1,5 m/s, relative humidity 85 %, temperature 23 0C, effective temperature 22 0 ET. Give the recommendations for duration reception of air baths having a rest.

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Municipal hygiene 9.Time of cooling of katatermometer in the room makes

Municipal hygiene

9.Time of cooling of katatermometer in the room makes 100

sec, factor of katatermometer is 600. Calculate cooling ability of air at room and give it estimation.

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Municipal hygiene 10. What is the ventilation in the living room?

Municipal hygiene

10. What is the ventilation in the living room? Parameters

of ventilation: content CO2 in air – 0,1%, volume of the room – 20 m 3, volume of natural ventilation – 30 m3/hour, in room lives 2 students. What measures are necessary in this room for the improvement of the ventilation?

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Municipal hygiene 11. Natural illumination in operating room: Light factor –

Municipal hygiene

11. Natural illumination in operating room: Light factor – 1/2,

Factor of natural illumination – 1,5%, common atrificial illumination – 150 lux, local atrificial illumination – 4000 lux. Give estimation of illumination in operating room

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Municipal hygiene 12. In school class area is 50 m2, there

Municipal hygiene

12. In school class area is 50 m2, there are

2 windows, area of 1window= 2 m2, factor of natural illumination is 2%, artificial general illumination is 100 lux. Give hygienic estimation of illumination, what it is need for improvement level of illumination?

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Municipal hygiene 12. In school class area is 50 m2, there

Municipal hygiene

12. In school class area is 50 m2, there are

2 windows, area of 1window= 2 m2, factor of natural illumination is 2%, artificial general illumination is 100 lux. Give hygienic estimation of illumination, what it is need for improvement level of illumination?

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Municipal hygiene 13. Estimate sufficiency of water’ disinfection, if after chlorination

Municipal hygiene

13. Estimate sufficiency of water’ disinfection, if after chlorination water

has such parameters: microbe number - 100, coli - index - 10, coli - titre - 100, residual chlorine - 0,8 mg/l. What methods disinfection can be used in this case?

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Municipal hygiene 14. Analysis of water : smell - 1 ball

Municipal hygiene

14. Analysis of water :
smell - 1 ball nitrates –

20mg/l
taste - 2 ball iron - 0,1 mg/l
color - 30 degrees microbe number - 150
turbidity - 0,5 mg/l fluorine - 0.4 mg/l
dry rest – 1000 mg/l coli - index - 30
Give hygienic estimation of water, what diseases are possible in this case, what measures are necessary for improvement quality the given water?

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Municipal hygiene 15. Estimate hygienic conditions in hospital ward. Area =28m2,

Municipal hygiene
15. Estimate hygienic conditions in hospital ward. Area =28m2, 4

cots; air ventilation = 1,7; СО2 = 0,2 %; light factor 1/7; CNI = 1 %; common artificial illumination in ward 80 lux.

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Radiation hygiene 16. At work with radioactive isotopes in laboratory the

Radiation hygiene

16. At work with radioactive isotopes in laboratory the doze

of external irradiation has made 100 mBER/hour at 30-hour working week. Whether are necessary in laboratory measures of antyradiation protection and what is it?

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Radiation hygiene 17.The doze of irradiation of roentgenologist makes 100 mBER/week.

Radiation hygiene
17.The doze of irradiation of roentgenologist makes 100 mBER/week. Give

conclusion about dose of radiation.

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Hygiene of work What stages of serviceability is marked at student,

Hygiene of work

What stages of serviceability is marked at student, if

index of corrector test in the beginning of lesson is 5,5 bit/sec., in middle of lesson is 6,4 bit/sec., at the end of lesson – 4,5 bit/sec. What others methods of investigation of serviceability can be used in this case?

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Hygiene of work 19. Estimate working conditions at factory. Dust =

Hygiene of work

19. Estimate working conditions at factory. Dust = 20

mg/m3, СО2 - 1 %, level of high-frequency noise 55 dB. What occupational diseases are possible, what preventive measures are necessary for improvement of working conditions?

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Hygiene of work 20. Lead dust in air of manufacture exceeds

Hygiene of work

20. Lead dust in air of manufacture exceeds MPC

in 10 times. What kind of professional poisoning can be at workers? What methods of laboratory researches should be used in this case?

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Hygiene of work 21. Air of cement factory contains 5 mg/m3

Hygiene of work

21. Air of cement factory contains 5 mg/m3 dust.

Composition of dust: 50% Si O2 . Make conclusion. What professional disease can be at this case.

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Hygiene of children 22. In a game room of a children's

Hygiene of children

22. In a game room of a children's garden

by the area 40 m2 temperature of air 21 0C, relative humidity 60 %, speed of movement of air 0,3 m/s, common artificial illumination 80 lux. Give a hygienic estimation.

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Hygiene of children 23. Estimate physical development of the boy 14

Hygiene of children

23. Estimate physical development of the boy 14 years,

having growth 149 sm, weight of a body 51,1kg. Standards for 14 years boy ( M ±δ ): growth 154,0 ± 5,5 sm, weight 50,1 ± 3,2 kg.
What other methods it is possible to use for estimation physical development of this boy?

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Hygiene of children 24. For estimation of physical development of 10

Hygiene of children

 
24. For estimation of physical development of 10 years

old boy it was established: growth – 10 centyl, masse of the body – 85 centyl. What is the physical development of the boy? What another methods of estimation physical development of the children do you know?

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Hygiene of children 25. For construction kindergarten the ground area 100

Hygiene of children

25. For construction kindergarten the ground area 100 х

400 m is allocated. Building of kindergarten contains 2 day nursery groups and 2 preschool groups. Estimate sufficiency of a ground area, what functional zones it should include?

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* Table 13. The size of the furniture Size Height of

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Table 13. The size of the furniture
Size Height of child

A up to 130cm
B 131-145 cm
C 146-160 cm
D 161-175 cm
E 176-190 cm
The black-board should be green or brown. The distance be­tween the black-board and the desks should not be less than 2m The
height of the black-board from the floor should be 85-95 cm, and must be visible with proper light.
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* PLANING Of SCHOOLS AND KINDER-GARDENS The school, and kinder-gardens buildings

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PLANING Of SCHOOLS AND KINDER-GARDENS   The school, and kinder-gardens buildings should be

in a healthy area and as possible far from factory, and the main street. The child should not become a victim of a diseases due to bad environmental condition of the building. SCHOOLS The space area for the school must be about 20-50m2 for each child. There are 5 zones on a school’s area: 1. Zone of School building must be about 15% of the space 2. Green zone must be about 40-50% of the space 3. Rest zone. The children spent their free time at play on this zone 4. Economic zone. 5. Zone of sports grounds.        
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* School building In the building should be not more than

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School building
In the building should be not more than 4 floors.


Types of building:
1. Compound planning (central building): The whole classes are situated in one building.
Advantages: cheap construction
Disadvantages:The cross infection, noise
2. Pavilion planning: 2 - 4 classes are situated in separate small buildings
Advantages: Decrease of cross infection and noise
Disadvantages: expensive construction
3 Centralize-bloc planning: This is the most efficient type of planning. There are buildings for 1 - 4 classes; for 5 - 8 classes; for 9 - 11 classes.These buildings join with the aid of corridor
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* 2 - The kinder-garden a) The building. There are three

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2 - The kinder-garden
a) The building. There are three types of

group rooms. Rooms for junior groups for pre-school groups official and medical rooms.
b) The group cell it must be with good natural and artificial lighting In the group cell for junior age there must be reception hall (15m2), dinning room (50m2), bedroom (50m2), toilet (12m2)
c) In the group cell for pre-school age there must be, cloak­room (16m2), play room (50-62,2m2), bedroom (50m2), and toilet (12m2).
In the ground floor there are medical cabinet, music-class, and the kitchen.
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* Pre-school examination: This is carried out before the child is

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Pre-school examination:
This is carried out before the child is due to

attend school.
The mother is invited to bring the child to the health centre. A careful medical history is taken from the parents, including full detail of any illness, medical or surgical problems, especially chronic diseases, as infective hepatitis, pylonephritis, tuberculosis, rheumatic fe­ver (in active stage), anaemia, chronic tonsillitis, congenital hard disease, and bronchial asthma, and then medical examination is carried out, to define the health group of the child:
1 - Healthy child, who ill less than 3 times yearly.
2 - Healthy child, who ill more than 3 times every year.
3 - Child with chronic disease in compensation stage.
4 - Child with chronic disease in subcompensation stage.
5- Child with chronic disease in dicompensation stage.
After that doctor should estimate the growth and development of child, provide medical examination. Then the child should pass special testing, to estimate his readiness to the school.
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* Types of testes (Kerna-Iraseka method): 1 Ask the child to

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Types of testes (Kerna-Iraseka method):
1 Ask the child to write
(HE

EAT SOUP)
2. Ask the child to draw points:
. . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . .
.
3. Ask the child to draw a man or women.
After that you have to estimate the results; for every mistake he get one mark. The amount of the marks show the readiness of child to the school.
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* Picture.Group cell of Kinder-garden Picture.Group cPicture.Group cell of Kinder-garden ell

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Picture.Group cell of Kinder-garden

Picture.Group cPicture.Group cell of Kinder-garden ell of Kinder-garden
HARDENING OF

CHILDREN
Hardening: improvement and promotion of the defense reac­tion and immunity of the body against the influence of external factors as high and low temperature.
Principles of hardening
1. Systematically - (continuously).
2. Gradually - periodically increasing the power of irritant factor.
3. Individually - the power and the character of the methods depend upon the child.
4. More than one exercise in the same time.
5. There must be positive reaction and emotion of the child.
6. The baby must supervised by the family doctor.
Training: Improvement the capability of the body to do any exercise as much as possible with little outlay.
The influence of Hardening:
a)             1.local: as Pouring of the water
b)        2. General as streaming of the body with wet towel and swimming.
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* Types and methods of hardening 1 . with water a)

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Types and methods of hardening
1 . with water
a) Pouring of

the wa­ter in starting water tempera­ture is 2° lower than the tem­perature of the body (33-34°) every 2 days you have to re­duce The water temperature by 1-2°, the finial temperature of the water is 15-16°.
b) Swimming. You have to start when the temperature of the water is about 22°. Starting time - 5 minutes, finial time 20 minutes.
2. Sunlight. The starting time 5 min. You have to increase the time about 5 min Each day, finial time - 30-45 min. Time of tempen-ing - 10 p.m. or 16 a.m.
3. Air bath. ( exposure of the body), starting temperature of the air in the room should be 18-19°, finial temperature 14-15°, in starting time 2-3 minute and you have to increase the time every day from 1-2 min. Finial time in winter 15 min, in summer 30 minute's
4. Massage and gymnastics. The temperature of the room 18-20°. Doctors must check the health of the baby before hardening.
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