Thy respiratory system

Июль 29, 2022

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Thy respiratory system

Содержание

2. Croup could be caused by all of the following, except: Laryngomalacia Foreign body Tracheomalacia Laryngitis Tetany
3. Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction *Croup -Caused by : .parainfluenza type 1,2,3 -Most common in winter,
4. -Signs and symptoms: .upper respiratory infection 1-3 days .barking cough .hoarseness .inspiratory stridor .worse at night
5. Complications: .hypoxia only when obstruction is complete
6. Diagnosis: .clinical (x-ray NOT nedeed “steeple sign if an x-ray is performed”) -Treatment: .nebulized epinephren .corticosteroid
7. *Croup could be caused by : .Laryngomalacia .Foreign body .Tracheomalacia .Laryngitis .Epiglottitis .Retropharyngeal abscess
8. Epiglottitis -Is a medical emergency that requires anethesia for immediate intubation/emergent cricothyroidotomy -Inflammation of EPIGLOTTIS-SUPRAGLOTTIS
9. Caused by : .H-influenza type B .streptococcus pyogenes .streptococcous pneumoniae .staphy;ococcus aureus .mycoplasma
10. -Signs and symptoms: .high fever,sore throat,dyspnea,and rapidly progressing obstruction. .toxic-appearing,difficulty swallowing .sniffing position (intubating) .stridor is
11. -Complication: .complete airway obstruction and death -Diagnosis: .clinical first (do nothing to upset child), controlled visualization
12. .x-ray Not needed (thum sign if x-ray is performed) -Treatment: . intubation 1st .I.V antibiotics
13. *Laryngomalacia -M.C.C of stridor in infant and children -Collapse of supraglottic structures during inspiration stridor; less
14. *Vocal cord paralysis -3rd M.C.C of stridor -Diagnosis : .bronchoscopy -Treatment : .usually resolves in 6-12
15. INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE SMALL AIRWAYS *Bronchiolitis -Caused by : .M.C respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) .parainfluenza .adenovirus
16. -Signs and symptoms : .the onset is sudden with dyspnea .severe cough (present always) .mild URI
17. The onset is sudden with dyspnea Cough is present and severe always Changes of developing cyanosis
18. -Complications : .bacterial suprainfection,respiratory insufficiency and failure -Diagnosis : .clinical .chest x-ray .PCR -Treatment : .supportive
19. **CYSTIC FIBROSIS(CF) -Autosomal Recessive Disease -Cystic fibrosis gen located on chromosome(7), more than gene mutation -Major
20. *Pancreas- .pancreatic insuffeciency .malabsorbtion steatorrhea .failure to thrive .vitamin defeciency (A-D-E-K) .rectal prolapse .hepatobiliary(cirrhosis-gall stones-hepatomegaly-varices-cholelithiasis-ascites) .acute
21. *Sweat gland- .salty taste of skin -Diagnosis : .positive newborn screen .identification of 2 CF mutations(homozygous)-DNA
22. +Notes : *Presentations of cystic fibrosis : .Meconium ileus .Recurrent chest infections .Failure to thrive .Steatorrhea
23. *Pneumonia -Inflammation of the lung parenchyma -(Neonate)Most common cause is GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS -(Children -(Children >5yr)Most
24. -Symptoms : *Viral .1st day (URI symptoms; low-grade fever) .tachypnea .cyanosis .examination-crackles and wheezing *Bacterial .more
25. -Treatment : .pneumococcus(penicillin) .viral(supportive) .chlamydia(erythromycin,azifromycin) -Clinical Findings in Viral Versus Bacterial Pneumonoa : .temperature (viral -
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Слайд 2

Croup could be caused by all of the following, except:
Laryngomalacia
Foreign

body
Tracheomalacia
Laryngitis
Tetany

Слайд 3

Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction
*Croup
-Caused by :
.parainfluenza type 1,2,3
-Most common in

winter, age 3 months - 5 years (recurrences decrease with increasing growth of airway)
-Inflammation of subglottis

Слайд 4

-Signs and symptoms:
.upper respiratory infection 1-3 days
.barking cough
.hoarseness
.inspiratory stridor
.worse at night
.symptoms

last for 1 week

Слайд 5

Complications:
.hypoxia only when obstruction is complete

Слайд 6

Diagnosis: .clinical (x-ray NOT nedeed “steeple sign if an x-ray is performed”) -Treatment: .nebulized

epinephren .corticosteroid

Слайд 7

*Croup could be caused by :
.Laryngomalacia
.Foreign body
.Tracheomalacia
.Laryngitis
.Epiglottitis
.Retropharyngeal abscess

Слайд 8

Epiglottitis
-Is a medical emergency that requires anethesia for immediate intubation/emergent cricothyroidotomy
-Inflammation

of EPIGLOTTIS-SUPRAGLOTTIS

Слайд 9

Caused by :
.H-influenza type B
.streptococcus pyogenes
.streptococcous pneumoniae
.staphy;ococcus aureus
.mycoplasma

Слайд 10

-Signs and symptoms:
.high fever,sore throat,dyspnea,and rapidly progressing obstruction.
.toxic-appearing,difficulty swallowing
.sniffing position (intubating)
.stridor

is a late finding(near comp.obstruction

Слайд 11

-Complication:
.complete airway obstruction and death
-Diagnosis:
.clinical first (do nothing to upset child),

controlled visualization (laryngoscopy)

Слайд 12

.x-ray Not needed (thum sign if x-ray is performed)
-Treatment:
. intubation 1st

.I.V antibiotics

Слайд 13

*Laryngomalacia
-M.C.C of stridor in infant and children
-Collapse of supraglottic structures during

inspiration stridor; less in prone position, and start in 1st-2nd week of life and symptoms inc. Up to 6 months of life; exacerbated by any exertion
-Diagnisis :
.laryngoscopy
.branchoscopy for associated anomalies
-Treatment :
.supportive care
.surgery (supraglottoplasty)
*Congenital subglottic stenosis
-2ND M.C.C of stridor
-no difference supine vs. Prone position
-Diagnosis:
.x-ray with laryngoscopy
-Treatment :
.surgery(tracheostomy

Слайд 14

*Vocal cord paralysis
-3rd M.C.C of stridor
-Diagnosis :
.bronchoscopy
-Treatment :
.usually resolves in 6-12

months;may require temporary tracheostomy
*Airway foreign body
-Larynx is the M.C site of foreign body aspiration in children age <1 year
-In children age<1 year, think trachea or right mainstem bronchus
-Most seen in children age 3-4 years
-Most common foreign body is peanuts
-Symptoms :
.acute choking
.coughing
.wheezing
.stridor
-Complication :
.obstruction
.erosion
.infection(fever,cough,pneumonia,hemoptysis,atelctasis)
-Diagnosis :
.bronchoscopy
-Treatment :
.bronchoscopy

Слайд 15

INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE SMALL AIRWAYS
*Bronchiolitis
-Caused by :
.M.C respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)
.parainfluenza
.adenovirus
.mycoplasma
-M.C

in children by age <2 years
-Inflammation of small airway
More common in female

Слайд 16

-Signs and symptoms :
.the onset is sudden with dyspnea
.severe cough (present

always)
.mild URI
.dec. appetite
.fever
.wheezy
.apnea more in young infants
+symptoms lasts average of 12 days (worse in first 2-3 days)

Слайд 17

The onset is sudden with dyspnea
Cough is present and severe always
Changes

of developing cyanosis and acidosis is high
All of the diagnosed cases should be admitted and treated in the hospital

Слайд 18

-Complications :
.bacterial suprainfection,respiratory insufficiency and failure
-Diagnosis :
.clinical
.chest x-ray
.PCR
-Treatment :
.supportive care
.beta-2

agonist nebulization (salbutamol)
.NO STERIODS
-High-risk patients only(hyperimmune RSV IVIG or monoclonal antibody to RSV F protein

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**CYSTIC FIBROSIS(CF)
-Autosomal Recessive Disease
-Cystic fibrosis gen located on chromosome(7), more than

gene mutation
-Major cause of severe chronic lung disease and most common cause of exocrine pancreatic deficiency in children
-Symptoms :
*Respirotory-
.failure to clear mucus secration
.bronchiectasis
.reccurent respiratory infection
.nasal polyp
.clubbing,cyanosis(late)

Слайд 20

Pancreas-
.pancreatic insuffeciency
.malabsorbtion steatorrhea
.failure to thrive
.vitamin defeciency (A-D-E-K)
.rectal prolapse
.hepatobiliary(cirrhosis-gall stones-hepatomegaly-varices-cholelithiasis-ascites)
.acute pancreatitis
Genitourinary tract-
.obstruction

of vesdeterence – azoospermia anfehity
.inc. incidence of hernia ,hydrocele,undescended testes
.females:secondary amenorrhea,cervicitis,dec.fertility

Слайд 21

*Sweat gland-
.salty taste of skin
-Diagnosis :
.positive newborn screen
.identification of 2 CF

mutations(homozygous)-DNA testing,isn`t always diagnostic
.BEST TEST (sweat test)_difficult in 1st week of life, confirm positive results, DIAGNOSIS >60mEq/L
-Treatment :
.nebulizers
.DNAse(mucolytic)
.antibiotics(tobramycin)
.vitmains supplementation(A-D-E-K)
.pancreatic enzyme replacement

Слайд 22

+Notes :
*Presentations of cystic fibrosis :
.Meconium ileus
.Recurrent chest infections
.Failure to thrive
.Steatorrhea

Слайд 23

*Pneumonia
-Inflammation of the lung parenchyma
-(Neonate)Most common cause is GROUP B

STREPTOCOCCUS
-(Children <5yr)Most common cause is vir.RSV
-(Children >5yr)Most common cause is M.pneumoniae,S.pneumoniae

Слайд 24

-Symptoms :
Viral
.1st day (URI symptoms; low-grade fever)
.tachypnea
.cyanosis
.examination-crackles and wheezing
Bacterial
.more sudden shaking

chills
.high fever
.dry cough
.examination-breath sounds and dullness to percussion

Слайд 25

-Treatment :
.pneumococcus(penicillin)
.viral(supportive)
.chlamydia(erythromycin,azifromycin)
-Clinical Findings in Viral Versus Bacterial Pneumonoa :
.temperature (viral -

incr.) (bacterial – incr.+)
.URI (viral - +) (bacterial - _)
.toxicity (viral - +) (bacterial - +++)
.WBC (viral – normal or dec.) (bacterial - +++)
.chest x-ray (viral – streaking, patchy) (bacterial – lobar)
.diagnosis (viral – nasopharyngeal washing) (bacterial – blood culture, transtracheal aspirate)

Thy respiratory system

Содержание

Croup could be caused by all of the following, except:LaryngomalaciaForeign

Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction*Croup-Caused by :.parainfluenza type 1,2,3-Most common in

-Signs and symptoms:.upper respiratory infection 1-3 days.barking cough.hoarseness.inspiratory stridor.worse at night.symptoms

Complications:.hypoxia only when obstruction is complete

Diagnosis: .clinical (x-ray NOT nedeed “steeple sign if an x-ray is performed”) -Treatment: .nebulized

*Croup could be caused by :.Laryngomalacia.Foreign body.Tracheomalacia.Laryngitis.Epiglottitis.Retropharyngeal abscess

Epiglottitis-Is a medical emergency that requires anethesia for immediate intubation/emergent cricothyroidotomy-Inflammation

Caused by :.H-influenza type B.streptococcus pyogenes .streptococcous pneumoniae.staphy;ococcus aureus .mycoplasma

-Signs and symptoms:.high fever,sore throat,dyspnea,and rapidly progressing obstruction..toxic-appearing,difficulty swallowing.sniffing position (intubating).stridor

-Complication:.complete airway obstruction and death-Diagnosis:.clinical first (do nothing to upset child),

.x-ray Not needed (thum sign if x-ray is performed)-Treatment:. intubation 1st

*Laryngomalacia-M.C.C of stridor in infant and children-Collapse of supraglottic structures during

*Vocal cord paralysis-3rd M.C.C of stridor-Diagnosis :.bronchoscopy-Treatment :.usually resolves in 6-12

INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF THE SMALL AIRWAYS*Bronchiolitis-Caused by :.M.C respiratory syncytial virus(RSV).parainfluenza.adenovirus.mycoplasma-M.C

-Signs and symptoms :.the onset is sudden with dyspnea.severe cough (present

The onset is sudden with dyspneaCough is present and severe alwaysChanges

-Complications :.bacterial suprainfection,respiratory insufficiency and failure-Diagnosis :.clinical.chest x-ray .PCR-Treatment :.supportive care.beta-2

**CYSTIC FIBROSIS(CF)-Autosomal Recessive Disease-Cystic fibrosis gen located on chromosome(7), more than

*Pancreas-.pancreatic insuffeciency.malabsorbtion steatorrhea.failure to thrive.vitamin defeciency (A-D-E-K).rectal prolapse.hepatobiliary(cirrhosis-gall stones-hepatomegaly-varices-cholelithiasis-ascites).acute pancreatitis*Genitourinary tract-.obstruction

*Sweat gland-.salty taste of skin-Diagnosis :.positive newborn screen.identification of 2 CF

+Notes :*Presentations of cystic fibrosis :.Meconium ileus.Recurrent chest infections.Failure to thrive.Steatorrhea

*Pneumonia -Inflammation of the lung parenchyma-(Neonate)Most common cause is GROUP B

-Symptoms :*Viral.1st day (URI symptoms; low-grade fever).tachypnea.cyanosis.examination-crackles and wheezing*Bacterial.more sudden shaking

-Treatment :.pneumococcus(penicillin).viral(supportive).chlamydia(erythromycin,azifromycin)-Clinical Findings in Viral Versus Bacterial Pneumonoa :.temperature (viral -

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