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- 2. PLAN Biocenosis, biogeocoenosis and Consept of Ecosystem The State of the Species Under Various Forms of
- 3. Sinecology or Community Ecology studies the community species composition, their spatial pattern, and communities change with
- 4. Biocenosis is the community of populations of different species living and interacting in a given habitat
- 5. Ecosystem (ecological system) is the community of all populations of different species living on the common
- 6. Components of Ecosystem
- 7. An ecosystem comprises of two basic components i) Abiotic components and ii) Biotic components
- 8. The state of the species (population) under various forms of relationship is indicated by conventional signs
- 9. All biotic links can be divided into six groups: 1) "++"- mutually beneficial, symbiotic relationships. In
- 10. 2)“+0”- useful and neutral, or commensalism (shark and sucker fish).The followings should be distinguished in his
- 11. 3) "0" - negative-neutral, or amensalizm (grass under the trees are suffering from severe shading). 4)
- 12. 5) "+-"- useful and harmful; in this group the following may be distingushed: a) carnivorism, b)
- 13. 6 )"--"- mutually harmful, when species that have identical ecological requirements enter into competition
- 14. Trophic Structure of Biocenosis. All living things can be classified according to the way they obtain
- 15. Trophic structure of biocenosis. Two major components: autotrophic and heterotrophic may be identified In biocoenosis or
- 16. 1-Producers Make their own food organic matter by using carbon dioxide , water and mineral salts.
- 17. Heterotrophic component Heterotrophic component ("eating others") consists of organisms that derive their energy from food resulted
- 18. 2- Consumers Consumers consume food provided by plants or other animals. They have hererotrophic nutrition. Herbivores(primery)
- 19. Decomposers are heterotrophic organisms (fungi and bacteria) that subsist on dead organic matter and during their
- 20. 3-Decomposers They decomposed organic matter like dead animal and plants into inorganic matter. And then inorganic
- 21. Joint effect of these three groups of organisms maintains a relatively endless circle of matter in
- 22. Food chains and trophic levels Matter and energy have been transferring through a series of organisms,
- 24. Energy flow and circulation of chemical elements in the ecosystem Any ecosystem consists of biotic and
- 26. Food chains A food chain shows which plants or animals eat or get eaten by others
- 27. All living organisms appear to be consumers of food, that is of matter and energy. In
- 28. Energy can be defined as an ability to do work. All living organisms can be considered
- 29. Living organisms can only use two forms of energy: photoenergy and chemical energy. All organisms are
- 30. Organisms synthesizing all necessary organic matter by means of light energy (photosynthesis) belong to a phototrophic
- 31. Chemotrophic organisms synthesize organic matter through the energy of chemical bonds of various substances. This includes
- 32. Succession Any ecosystem undergoes changes both in time and space, in addition, changes are seen in
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