Central problems in international relations

Сентябрь 6, 2022

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Central problems in international relations

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2. Central problems in international relations Session 11
3. War Peace The state Power
4. Armed conflict today increasingly takes place within states that are weak in the sense that they
5. The Modern state
6. The Postmodern state
7. The state is: an autonomous actor. constrained only by the anarchy of the international system. sovereign.
8. THE LIBERAL VIEW OF THE STATE The state is: a process, involving contending interests. a reflection
9. The state is: the executing agent of the bourgeoisie. influenced by pressures from the capitalist class.
10. The state is: a socially constructed entity. the repository of national interests that change over time.
11. The Nature of State Power
12. Among the tangible sources of power: industrial development economic diversification level of infrastructure, and characteristics of
13. Intangible power sources: national image quality of government public support leadership, and morale —may be as
14. The International System: Realist and Radical Interpretations
15. Since the advent of the state system in the years following the conclusion of the Thirty
16. Total wars tend to be armed conflicts involving massive loss of life and widespread destruction, usually
17. In limited wars, not all available armaments are unleashed. In these two cases, conventional weapons of
18. The African continent provides examples of these total civil wars - most such conflicts are now
19. Karen A. Mingst, Ivan M. Arreguin-Toft. Essentials of International Relations. 5th Ed. 2010: New York: W.W.
21. Скачать презентацию

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Central problems in international relations
Session 11

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War
Peace
The state
Power

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Armed conflict today increasingly takes place within states that are weak

in the sense that they are unable or unwilling to provide security and order, not to mention freedom, justice, and welfare for the population. At the same time, among advanced states, especially among the liberal democracies, there is peace, cooperation, and no risk of interstate war.

New Patterns of War and Peace: Changes in Statehood

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The Modern state

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The Postmodern state

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The state is:
an autonomous actor.
constrained only by the anarchy of the

international system.
sovereign.
guided by a national interest that is defined in terms of power.

THE REALIST VIEW OF THE STATE

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THE LIBERAL VIEW OF THE STATE
The state is:
a process, involving contending

interests.
a reflection of both governmental and societal interests.
the repository of multiple and changing national interests.
the possessor of fungible sources of power.

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The state is:
the executing agent of the bourgeoisie.
influenced by pressures from

the capitalist class.
constrained by the structure of the international capitalist system.

THE RADICAL VIEW OF THE STATE

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The state is:
a socially constructed entity.
the repository of national interests that

change over time.
shaped by international norms that change preferences.
influenced by changing national interests that shape and reshape identities.
socialized by IGOs and NGOs.

THE CONSTRUCTIVIST VIEW OF THE STATE

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The Nature of State Power

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Among the tangible sources of power:
industrial development
economic diversification
level of infrastructure,
and

characteristics of the military are among the most critical.

Tangible Sources of Power

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Intangible power sources:
national image
quality of government
public support
leadership,
and morale
—may be as

important as the tangible ones, although not to radicals, who emphasize material sources of power.

Intangible Sources of Power

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The International System: Realist and Radical Interpretations

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Since the advent of the state system in the years following

the conclusion of the Thirty Years War (1618-48), the state, as a form of political association, has proven ideal at organizing and directing the resources necessary for waging war. As one famous social scientist put it, “War made the state and the state made war.”
Intrastate wars—civil wars—have decreased over time as well, but not nearly so precipitously as interstate wars.

Interstate and Intrastate War

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Total wars tend to be armed conflicts involving massive loss of

life and widespread destruction, usually with many participants, including multiple major powers. These wars are fought for many reasons: to conquer and occupy enemy territory or to take over the government and/or to control the economic resources of an opponent. Wars may also be fought over conflicts of ideas (communism versus capitalism; democracy versus authoritarianism) or religion (Catholic versus Protestant; Shiite versus Sunni Muslim; Hinduism versus Islam).

Total and Limited War

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In limited wars, not all available armaments are unleashed. In these

two cases, conventional weapons of warfare were used—tanks, foot soldiers, aircraft, and missiles. But despite their availability, nuclear weapons were not deployed. There is no better illustration of limited war than the long-standing Arab-Israeli disputes from 1973 onward.

Total and Limited War

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The African continent provides examples of these total civil wars -

most such conflicts are now concentrated there.
Ethiopia’s war with two of its regions (Ogaden and Eritrea) - lasted decades
The civil war between the north and south in both Sudan and Chad.
Liberia and Sierra Leone,
The Democratic Republic of Congo - a civil war -one that has become internationalized.

Total and Limited War

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Karen A. Mingst, Ivan M. Arreguin-Toft. Essentials of International Relations. 5th Ed.

2010: New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0393935295
Robert Jackson, Georg Sorensen. Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches. 4th edition, 2010: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199548842

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