Содержание
- 2. I. Main historical events of the ME period. II. ME dialects. Rise of the London dialect.
- 3. Middle English (1066-1485) 1066 the Norman Conquest. the Normans were descendants of Danish Vikings who settled
- 4. 1066 the Norman Conquest The new overlords spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman.
- 5. French was used in official documents, court; was the language of upper class (till the 13th
- 6. 1204 King John Lackland lost Normandy to the French; 1215 Magna Carta (Latin “Great Paper”) was
- 7. The Black Death (the Plague. 1348-1351); By 1362 CE, the Statute of Pleading (although written in
- 8. War of the Roses (1455-1485), York (white rose) vs. Lancaster (red rose); 1476 William Caxton brought
- 9. ME dialects. Rise of the London dialect. the Northern The Central the Southern
- 10. In England the new standard language which arose in the late Middle Ages was not descended
- 11. ME vowel system. General characteristics. French influence: The new diagraphs of French origin: “ou” (ME double),
- 12. Shortening the vowels are shortened before 2 consonants, but remain long in other environment. Exception: -ld,
- 13. Shortening A long vowel is shortened before one consonant in some 3 syllable words. OE sūþerne
- 14. Lengthening in the 13th c. short vowels were lengthened in open syllables. OE talu – tāle
- 15. Qualitative changes: Dialect Changes OE hlāf ME lāf (Northen) ME lōf (other dialects)
- 16. Y,y (long and short) OE fyllan ME fillen (Northen and East Midland groups) ME fullen (West
- 17. å (nasal, before “m”, “n”) OE mån ME man (Northen, Southern, East Midland dialects) ME mon
- 18. Æ (short) OE wæs ME wes (West Midland and South Eastern) ME was (other dialects)
- 19. Æ (long) OE slæpan – ME slēpen
- 20. Levelling of unstressed vowels All unstressed vowels were weakened and reduced to a neutral /ǝ/, which
- 21. New diphthongs arose during the transition from OE to ME from vocalisations of OE w, g,
- 22. French loanwords supplied the inventory with the two new diphthongs ui, oi ME puint, ME royal
- 23. ME Morphology The ME period is marked by a great reduction in the inflectional system inherited
- 24. Reasons for these changes: the mixing of OE with Old Norse. Frequently, the English and Scandinavian
- 25. ME Noun The number of declensions was reduced to two: ME Strong declension: Nom. Pl –es;
- 26. In PDE we still have a few relics of other declensions: there are the mutated plurals
- 27. The number of cases was reduced to two: Common and Genitive.
- 28. The grammatical categories of the Noun: the category of case (Common and Genitive); the category of
- 29. The category of Gender a shift from 'grammatical' to 'natural' gender;
- 30. The Definite Article In OE the DA showed three genders (sē masculine, sēo feminine, þæt neuter),
- 31. The Verb Old English marked two tenses (past vs present), three moods (indicative vs imperative vs
- 32. The principle of analogy— the tendency of language to follow certain patterns and adapt a less
- 33. Classes of ME Verbs At a time when English was the language chiefly of the lower
- 34. The two key changes which affected ME verbs: 1) the reduction of inflectional endings, 2) the
- 35. The ME Verbal System In ME the system of inflections became much reduced, but a complicated
- 36. The Future Tense The future tense with shall and will is established in ME. In OE
- 37. The Perfect Tenses and Passive Forms The Perfect tenses with habban or bēon and the passive
- 38. The Continuous Tenses The Continuous tenses, formed with be + the present participle, also arise in
- 39. By the end of ME the perfect, passive, and continuous markings of the verb were all
- 40. ME Syntax As the inflectional system decayed, other devices were increasingly used to replace it.
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