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- 2. I. Historical background to the New Standard II. NE Vowel System: Quantitative changes; The Great Vowel
- 3. III. NE Consonant System: Vocalisation of ‘r’; IV. NE Morphology and Syntax.
- 4. 1476 Caxton introduced the printing press to England; 1492 Columbus reached the ‘new World’; By 1500,
- 5. The late Middle Ages (14th c.) had seen the triumph of the English language over French,
- 6. Nonetheless Latin still had great prestige as the language of international learning; the three greatest scientific
- 7. The reasons for the defeat of Latin The Reformation period (the establishment of Protestantism, VI-VII c.).
- 8. The increase in national feeling (XV-XVI c.) that led to a great interest and pride in
- 9. But, while English was thus establishing its supremacy over Latin, it was at the same time
- 10. Principal Quantitative Changes lengthening before –ss, -st, -ni, -ft, but the change didn’t take place if
- 11. b) Shortening before [ɵ, d, t,k] When ME ē was shortened before [ɵ,d,t,k], it became [ɛ],
- 12. The Great Vowel Shift (15-late 17th c.) the GreatVowel Shift (GVS) is a chain-like transformation of
- 13. The changes were “independent” and effected regularly any stressed vowel in any position. The GVS didn’t
- 15. Rounding of vowels after /w / (18th c.), as in NE swan and watch. The change
- 16. NE Consonant System Vocalisation of [r] = the weakening of [r] The sonorant [r] began to
- 17. the cluster [er] changed to [ar]: e.g. OE deorc – Early ME derk – Late ME
- 18. The vocalisation of [r] took place in the 16th or 17th c. 1) diphthongization. In Early
- 19. 2) lengthening Sometimes the only trace left by the loss of [r] was the compensatory lengthening
- 20. If [ə] produced by vocalisation of [r] was preceded by a diphthong, it was added to
- 22. Early Modern English Grammar In morphology the trend towards simplification continues. EME is characterized by an
- 23. Nouns the –es of plurals and Gen Sg. was established; Plurals in –en and zero plurals
- 24. Personal pronouns: new forms arose: it and its; the use of you with a singular meaning
- 25. The inflectional system of the verb underwent further simplification: in the 3d person the –eth ending
- 26. Adjectives lost all endings except for in the comparative and superlative forms.
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