Academic language. (Part 2)

Август 2, 2022

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Academic language. (Part 2)

Содержание

2. Boosting Boosting is used in academic texts to make a claim more assertive and is often
3. Noun Phrases Noun phrases are very important structures in academic English. Academic style, especially in writing,
4. More examples of premodifying and postmodifying noun phrases “Environmental fluctuations constitute a possible explanation for effective
5. Nominalisation Nominalizations include nouns which express verb-type and adjective-type meanings. They are more frequent in written
6. Using it, this and that Reference to textual segments is an important aspect of academic style.
7. Impersonal constructions It-constructions: It is possible that the apparent lack of understanding in the current study
8. Sentence patterns Composite (both complex and compound) sentences are very common in academic writing. In complex
9. Non-finite subordinate clauses “Nevertheless, all these animals did spontaneously and successfully cooperate in the experimental task,
10. Elliptical clauses “Specifically, when asked in the post-use interviews how using the computer influenced their behavior,
11. Linking adjuncts The use of linking adjuncts is important in academic language, especially writing, to give
12. 2. Resultative (expressing causes, reasons, results, consequences): Accordingly As a consequence As a result Consequently Hence
13. 3. contrastive: (contrasting, opposing) by/in contrast Conversely However Nevertheless Nonetheless On the contrary On the one
14. 4. organizational (organizing and structuring the text, listing): Firstly, secondly, thirdly Finally In brief In conclusion
15. Linking adjuncts. Examples However, the ravens did seem to pay attention to and act upon the
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Слайд 2

Boosting
Boosting is used in academic texts to make a claim more

assertive and is often carried out by the use of a range of adverbial and prepositional constructions (plus some other types of expressions):

“This is clearly a very restrictive hypothesis, which requires verifications…”

Слайд 3

Noun Phrases
Noun phrases are very important structures in academic English. Academic

style, especially in writing, packs a great deal of information quite densely into noun phrases.
Field observations have shown animal cooperation | within a variety of different social contexts|.
The underlined words are premodifiers (in this case they are nouns playing a role of attributes).
The phrase beginning with “within” is a postmodifying noun phrase. This type of phrases is also very frequent in academic English because of the need of specification and definition.

Слайд 4

Nominalisation
Nominalizations include nouns which express verb-type and adjective-type meanings. They are

more frequent in written academic style.
“All individuals (n = 7) had simultaneous access to the apparatus”. (Normal style would be: “All individuals accessed the apparatus simultaneously”)
“The time lag between marking and first recapture was higher than the lag between second and third recapture” (NOT “The time lag between when we marked the animals and when we first recaptured them…”)
Compare everyday style: “I decided to start a new experiment” and academic style: “The decision was (taken) to start a new experiment”.

Слайд 6

Using it, this and that
Reference to textual segments is an important

aspect of academic style. The impersonal pronoun it and the demonstrative pronouns this and that are used in different ways to organize references to text segments and are frequently not interchangeable.
“They differentiated between a cooperative and solitary setting depending on the availability of a partner, and waited for the partner to come if it was delayed.”
“Low-luminance flickering patterns are perceived to modulate at relatively high rates. This occurs even though peak sensitivity is shifted…”

Слайд 7

Impersonal constructions
It-constructions:
It is possible that the apparent lack of understanding in

the current study is specific for the paradigm used. It seems that the ravens had problems with inhibiting to pull when the partner was absent…
Existential there
“However, there is mixed evidence for social anointing in Sapajus.”
Third person self-reference
Academic writers often refer to themselves as “the author”, “the researcher”, and often refer to their work impersonally, especially in abstracts and summaries:
“The author focuses on the conflicts, stresses, and transformations…”

Слайд 8

Sentence patterns
Composite (both complex and compound) sentences are very common in

academic writing. In complex sentences different types of subordinate clauses are used: subjects, object, predicate, attributive.
“Nevertheless, all these animals did spontaneously and successfully cooperate in the experimental task, suggesting that they can achieve cooperation through acting apart together [object subordinate clause], most probably motivated by a mutual attraction to the apparatus and the food.”
“Moreover, the distinction between species that do or do not understand the need and role of a partner [attributive subordinate clause] is not that clear-cut, because…”

Слайд 9

Non-finite subordinate clauses
“Nevertheless, all these animals did spontaneously and successfully cooperate

in the experimental task, suggesting [present participle] …”
“To test what possible factors might explain the difference in success between the different dyads [infinitive], we ran a GLMM on the number of successful cooperation trials, including the same factors as in study 1. [participle]”.

Слайд 10

Elliptical clauses
“Specifically, when asked in the post-use interviews how using the

computer influenced their behavior, students most commonly mentioned an increase in their level of effort”.
“Nevertheless, the ravens did not seem to pay attention to the behavior of their partners while cooperating…”
“I.e., ravens have been shown to deceit others while caching food…”

Слайд 11

Linking adjuncts
The use of linking adjuncts is important in academic language,

especially writing, to give coherence to the text and organize it.
The following occur frequently in academic contexts, but not in day-to-day conversational language:
1. Additive (adding further ideas):
Additionally / in addition
Equally
Furthermore
Likewise
Moreover
similarly

Слайд 12

2. Resultative (expressing causes, reasons, results, consequences):
Accordingly
As a consequence
As a result
Consequently
Hence
In

consequence
In (the) light of this (that)
In view of this (that)
Therefore
thus

Слайд 13

3. contrastive: (contrasting, opposing)
by/in contrast
Conversely
However
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
On the contrary
On the one hand ….

On the other hand

Слайд 14

4. organizational (organizing and structuring the text, listing):
Firstly, secondly, thirdly
Finally
In brief
In

conclusion (to conclude)
In its (their) turn
In short
In sum (to sum up, summing up, to summarize)
In summary
Lastly
Respectively
subsequently

Слайд 15

Linking adjuncts. Examples
However, the ravens did seem to pay attention to

and act upon the outcome of a cooperative interaction
In particular, we think that the larger the difference in dominance rank, the fewer direct competition is at play
Although the experimenter in our study placed the two rewards within the dyadic setting with ‘the intention’ of an equal reward division, sometimes one of the two birds got two rewards, whereas the other got none.
Alternatively, this pattern may be obtained by associative learning, where a negative experience leads animals not to act anymore.
In contrast, ‘cheaters’ remained motivated to pull (Fig. 3b).
Therefore, more controlled experiments in which defection rates can be manipulated are needed to precisely study the proximate mechanisms
Finally, the results of this study suggest that ravens do not understand the need of a partner while cooperating

Academic language. (Part 2)

Содержание

BoostingBoosting is used in academic texts to make a claim more

Noun PhrasesNoun phrases are very important structures in academic English. Academic

More examples of premodifying and postmodifying noun phrases“Environmental fluctuations constitute a

NominalisationNominalizations include nouns which express verb-type and adjective-type meanings. They are

Using it, this and thatReference to textual segments is an important

Impersonal constructionsIt-constructions:It is possible that the apparent lack of understanding in

Sentence patternsComposite (both complex and compound) sentences are very common in

Non-finite subordinate clauses“Nevertheless, all these animals did spontaneously and successfully cooperate

Elliptical clauses“Specifically, when asked in the post-use interviews how using the

Linking adjunctsThe use of linking adjuncts is important in academic language,

2. Resultative (expressing causes, reasons, results, consequences):AccordinglyAs a consequenceAs a resultConsequentlyHenceIn

3. contrastive: (contrasting, opposing)by/in contrastConverselyHoweverNeverthelessNonethelessOn the contraryOn the one hand ….

4. organizational (organizing and structuring the text, listing):Firstly, secondly, thirdlyFinallyIn briefIn

Linking adjuncts. ExamplesHowever, the ravens did seem to pay attention to

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