Introduction to Theory of Phonetics

Июль 29, 2022

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Introduction to Theory of Phonetics

Содержание

9. The importance of phonetics CAT /k æ t/ CATCH /k æ t∫/ 1. Put the words
10. Connections to other branches of linguistics Orthography - the rules of reading are based on the
11. Connections to other branches of linguistics Grammar - system of rules of reading: singular and plural
12. Connections to other branches of linguistics Lexicology - The presence of stress or accent distinguishes nouns
13. The importance of phonetics 2. Find the phonetic symbol for the first sound in each of
14. The importance of phonetics 3. Find the phonetic symbol for the last sound in each of
15. Outline of the study course 1) Speech production mechanisms 2) System of vowels /system of consonants
16. Aspects and units of phonetics The sound phenomena have different aspects: (a) the articulatory aspect (articulation);
17. The speech organs can be divided into the following four groups: (1) the power mechanism; (2)
18. Power mechanism of speech production
19. Speech production
20. Articulation of sounds Presence/absence of obstruction Concentrated or diffused muscular tension Force of exhalation Consonants Vowels
21. Place of articulation: passive and active articulators
22. Place of articulation chart
23. CONSONANTS English consonants are classified according to the following principles: 1. Work of the vocal cords
24. 1. According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation English consonants
25. Lingual consonants are subdivided into forelingual, mediolingual and backlingual. Forelingual consonants are articulated with the tip
26. 3. According to the type of obstruction consonants are divided into occlusive, constrictive and occlusive-constrictive or
27. VOICING (force of articulation: fortis/lenis) Pulmonic egressive mechanism State of the glottis: (do the vocal cords
28. Place of articulation (address) Bilabial: voiceless stop [p], voiced stop [b], and (voiced) nasal [m]. Labio-dental:
29. Place of articulation (address) Post-alveolar: voiceless fricative [∫], voiced fricative [ʒ], voiceless affricate [t∫], voiced affricate
30. Manner of Articulation STOP: pin || bin tin || din kilt || gilt [ p b
31. Manner of articulation
32. Summary consonants a) THE AIRSTREAM MECHANISM the way in which the moving body of air that
34. Vowels Three basic modifications to the shape of the vocal tract: height, rounding and backness. 1)
35. Systematic correlation
36. Systematic correlation
37. Systematic correlation
38. Cardinal Vowels
39. Vowels Stability of articulation: monophthongs || diphthongs Classification of diphthongs on the closing and the centring
40. Diphthongs
41. Vowel classification for ESL purposes 1) stability of articulation; 2) tongue position: close a) narrow: [i:]
42. Vowel classification for ESL purposes 3) lip position (rounded || spread); 4) character of the vowel
44. Скачать презентацию

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The importance of phonetics
CAT /k æ t/ CATCH /k æ t∫/
1. Put the

words into correct columns
horse through judge enough sugar
caught island daughter knowledge cupboard
cow know business singing more
carrot chemist treasure thinking laugh
heart singer thorough door check
2 sounds 3 sounds 4 sounds 5 sounds 6 sounds

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Connections to other branches of linguistics
Orthography
- the rules of reading are

based on the relation of sounds to orthography.
E.g. vowel sounds are pronounced not only as we name the letter i as /ai/, the letter y as /wai/, u as /(j)u:/, o as /ou/ . But a can be pronounced as : /æ/ - can, /a:/ - car, /eƏ/ - care; e can be pronounced as : /e/ - them, /Ə:/ - fern, /iƏ/ - here, etc.

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Connections to other branches of linguistics
Grammar
- system of rules of

reading: singular and plural forms of nouns, the past tense forms and past participles of English regular verbs, e.g. /d/ is pronounced after voiced consonants (beg-begged) and /t/ - after voiceless consonants (wish-wished), /id/ -after /t/ (want-wanted);
- sound interchange: the interchange of /f-v/, /s-z/ helps to differentiate singular and plural forms of such nouns as : calf-calves, house-houses;
- vowel interchange is connected with the tense form of irregular verbs: sing-sang-sung; write-wrote-written

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Connections to other branches of linguistics
Lexicology
- The presence of stress or

accent distinguishes nouns from verbs (formed by conversion), e.g :
‘abstract – to ab’stract / ‘object - to ob’ject
- Homographs can be differentiated only due to pronunciation, because they are identical in spelling, e.g.:
bow /bou/ - bow /bau/ || lead / lid/ - lead /led/
row /rou/ -row /rau/
- Due to the position of word accent we can distinguish
between homonymous words and word groups, e.g.:
‘blackbird - ‘black ‘bird

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The importance of phonetics
2. Find the phonetic symbol for the first

sound in each of the following words:
a. this g. knee
b. usual h. hear
c. church i. phonetics
d. christian j. giant
e. thousand k. one
f. psychology

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The importance of phonetics
3. Find the phonetic symbol for the last

sound in each of the following words:
a. tough f. shapes
b. kicked g. bones
c. loved h. parking
d. health i. wave
e. dog j. large

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Outline of the study course
1) Speech production mechanisms
2) System of vowels

/system of consonants
3) Functional aspect of phonetics: phonemes and allophones
4) Modifications of sounds in connected speech
5) Syllables and rules of syllabification
6) Suprasegmental features: stress and intonation, accentual patterns
7) Varieties and styles of pronunciation
8) Comparison of Russian and English phonetics

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Aspects and units of phonetics
The sound phenomena have different aspects:
(a)

the articulatory aspect (articulation);
(b) the acoustic aspect (transmission);
(c) the auditory (perception) aspect;
(d) the functional (linguistic) aspect.

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The speech organs can be divided into the following four groups:
(1)

the power mechanism;
(2) the vibration mechanism;
(3) the resonator mechanism;
(4) the obstruction mechanism.

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Power mechanism of speech production

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Speech production

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Articulation of sounds
Presence/absence of obstruction
Concentrated or diffused muscular tension
Force of exhalation
Consonants
Vowels
Sonorants

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Place of articulation: passive and active articulators

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Place of articulation chart

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CONSONANTS
English consonants are classified according to the following principles:
1. Work

of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation.
2. Active organ of speech and the place of obstruction
3. Manner of the noise production and the type of obstruction.
4. Position of the soft palate.

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1. According to the work of the vocal cords and the

force of exhalation English consonants are subdivided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced consonants are produced with the vocal cords brought together and vibrating.
2. According to the position of the active organ of speech against the place of obstruction English consonants are classified into labial, lingual and glottal.
Labial consonants are subdivided into bilabial and labiodental. Bilabial consonants are articulated with both lips.

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Lingual consonants are subdivided into forelingual, mediolingual and backlingual.
Forelingual consonants

are articulated with the tip or the blade of the tongue: interdental [ð, θ], alveolar [t, d, s, z, l, n], post-alveolar [r].and palato-alveolar [∫, 3, d3, t∫].
Mediolingual consonants are articulated with the front part of the tongue raised high to the hard palate [j].
Backlingual consonants are articulated with the back part of the tongue raised towards the soft palate [k, g, ŋ].
Glottal (pharyngeal) consonants are articulated in the glottis [h].

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3. According to the type of obstruction consonants are divided into

occlusive, constrictive and occlusive-constrictive or affricates [t∫, d3]. Constrictive consonants are subdivided into fricatives [s, f, z, ð, θ, ∫, v, 3, h] and sonorants [w, r, j, l].
4. According to the position of the soft palate consonants are subdivided into oral and nasal. Nasal consonants are articulated with the blocked passage for the flow of air through the mouth cavity which is effected by lowering of the soft palate [m, n, ŋ].

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VOICING (force of articulation: fortis/lenis)
Pulmonic egressive mechanism
State of the glottis: (do

the vocal cords vibrate or not?)
* Voiceless *Voiced
The difference between voiced and voiceless sounds is functional in English:
A B
pull bull
ten den
cot got
fast vast
sink zinc
chew Jew

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Place of articulation (address)
Bilabial: voiceless stop [p], voiced stop [b], and

(voiced) nasal [m].
Labio-dental: voiceless fricative [f] and voiced fricative [v].
Dental: voiceless fricative [θ] and voiced [ð].
Alveolar: stop [t],voiced alveolar stop [d], voiceless and voiced alveolar fricatives [s] and [z], voiced nasal [n], a voiced lateral approximant [l], voiced central approximant [r].

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Place of articulation (address)
Post-alveolar: voiceless fricative [∫], voiced fricative [ʒ], voiceless

affricate [t∫], voiced affricate [dʒ].
Retroflex: approximant [r].
Palatal: approximant [j].
Velar: voiceless stop [k], a voiced stop [g], and nasal [ŋ], approximant [w].
Uvular: further back than velar (nonexistent in English).
Pharyngeal: made by moving the tongue body down and back into the pharynx. Such sounds do not occur in English.
Glottal: voiceless glottal fricative [h]

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Manner of Articulation
STOP: pin || bin tin || din kilt ||

gilt
[ p b t d k g ] - plosives [m,n] – nasals
FRICATIVE: [f v Ө ð s z ∫ʒ] (spirants - s z ∫ʒ)
fan || van thin || then sink || zinc shrill || genre
AFFRICATE: chain || Jane [t∫] [dʒ ]
APPROXIMANT: [r l w j ] as in read lead weed and yield
(Liquids thus the sound [l] is grouped with “r” sounds and [j], [w] are called glides)
NASAL: [m n ŋ]
LATERAL: [l] peddle || paddle || huddle || kettle || battle || cattle
TRILL: an articulator is made to vibrate
TAPS and FLAPS: lighter || rider

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Manner of articulation

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Summary consonants
a) THE AIRSTREAM MECHANISM
the way in which the moving

body of air that provides the power for speech production is generated and the direction in which it moves.
(b) THE STATE OF THE GLOTTIS
Voiceless sounds are produced when there is a wide open glottis, with a big space between the vocal cords;
Voiced sounds are produced when the vocal cords are close together so that the air has to force its way through them, making them vibrate in the process.
(c) THE PLACE OF ARTICULATION
place in the vocal tract where the airstream is obstructed in the production of a consonant.
(d) THE MANNER OF ARTICULATION
the way in which the airstream is interfered with in producing a consonant.

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Vowels
Three basic modifications to the shape of the vocal tract: height,

rounding and backness.
1) Height: Say the words below carefully. Observe the position of the highest point of your tongue and your lower jaw.
HIGH (close) LOW (open) MID
[i] seek [u:] pool [æ] sat [e] set
[ι] sick [ ט] pull [ ᾳ] part [ ס] pot
2) Rounding of the lips: rounded /spread
3) Backness front / central / back

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Systematic correlation

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Systematic correlation

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Systematic correlation

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Cardinal Vowels

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Vowels
Stability of articulation:
monophthongs || diphthongs
Classification of diphthongs on the
closing

and the centring
Type Constituent vowels
Closing eɪ, ɔʊ, ɑɪ, ɑʊ, ɔɪ
Centring ɪə, ɛə, ɔə, ʊə

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Diphthongs

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Vowel classification for ESL purposes
1) stability of articulation;
2) tongue position:

close a) narrow: [i:] [u:];
b) broad: [i], [u], [i(ə)], [u(ə)];
mid a) narrow: [e], [з:], [ə], [e(i)], [з(u)];
b) broad: [ə], [٨];
open a) narrow: [ε(ə)], [ɔ:], [ɒ (i)];
b) broad: [æ], [a(i, u)], [ɒ], [a:]

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Vowel classification for ESL purposes
3) lip position (rounded || spread);
4)

character of the vowel end (checked || unchecked);
5) length: 1. its own length; 2. the accent of the syllable in which it occurs; 3. phonetic context; 4. the position in a rhythmic structure; 5. the position in a tone group; 6. the position in an utterance; 7. the tempo of the whole utterance; 8. the type of pronunciation.
6) tenseness (tense || lax)

Introduction to Theory of Phonetics

Содержание

The importance of phoneticsCAT /k æ t/ CATCH /k æ t∫/1. Put the

Connections to other branches of linguisticsOrthography- the rules of reading are

Connections to other branches of linguistics Grammar- system of rules of

Connections to other branches of linguisticsLexicology- The presence of stress or

The importance of phonetics2. Find the phonetic symbol for the first

The importance of phonetics3. Find the phonetic symbol for the last

Outline of the study course1) Speech production mechanisms2) System of vowels

Aspects and units of phonetics The sound phenomena have different aspects:(a)

The speech organs can be divided into the following four groups:(1)

Power mechanism of speech production

Speech production

Articulation of soundsPresence/absence of obstructionConcentrated or diffused muscular tensionForce of exhalationConsonantsVowelsSonorants

Place of articulation: passive and active articulators

Place of articulation chart

CONSONANTSEnglish consonants are classified according to the following principles: 1. Work

1. According to the work of the vocal cords and the

Lingual consonants are subdivided into forelingual, mediolingual and backlingual. Forelingual consonants

3. According to the type of obstruction consonants are divided into

VOICING (force of articulation: fortis/lenis)Pulmonic egressive mechanismState of the glottis: (do

Place of articulation (address)Bilabial: voiceless stop [p], voiced stop [b], and

Place of articulation (address)Post-alveolar: voiceless fricative [∫], voiced fricative [ʒ], voiceless

Manner of ArticulationSTOP: pin || bin tin || din kilt ||

Manner of articulation

Summary consonantsa) THE AIRSTREAM MECHANISM the way in which the moving

VowelsThree basic modifications to the shape of the vocal tract: height,

Systematic correlation

Systematic correlation

Systematic correlation

Cardinal Vowels

VowelsStability of articulation: monophthongs || diphthongsClassification of diphthongs on the closing

Diphthongs

Vowel classification for ESL purposes1) stability of articulation; 2) tongue position:

Vowel classification for ESL purposes3) lip position (rounded || spread); 4)

Похожие презентации

The importance of phonetics
CAT /k æ t/ CATCH /k æ t∫/
1. Put the

Connections to other branches of linguistics
Orthography
- the rules of reading are

Connections to other branches of linguistics
Grammar
- system of rules of

Connections to other branches of linguistics
Lexicology
- The presence of stress or

The importance of phonetics
2. Find the phonetic symbol for the first

The importance of phonetics
3. Find the phonetic symbol for the last

Outline of the study course
1) Speech production mechanisms
2) System of vowels

Aspects and units of phonetics
The sound phenomena have different aspects:
(a)

The speech organs can be divided into the following four groups:
(1)

Articulation of sounds
Presence/absence of obstruction
Concentrated or diffused muscular tension
Force of exhalation
Consonants
Vowels
Sonorants

CONSONANTS
English consonants are classified according to the following principles:
1. Work

Lingual consonants are subdivided into forelingual, mediolingual and backlingual.
Forelingual consonants

VOICING (force of articulation: fortis/lenis)
Pulmonic egressive mechanism
State of the glottis: (do

Place of articulation (address)
Bilabial: voiceless stop [p], voiced stop [b], and

Place of articulation (address)
Post-alveolar: voiceless fricative [∫], voiced fricative [ʒ], voiceless

Manner of Articulation
STOP: pin || bin tin || din kilt ||

Summary consonants
a) THE AIRSTREAM MECHANISM
the way in which the moving

Vowels
Three basic modifications to the shape of the vocal tract: height,

Vowels
Stability of articulation:
monophthongs || diphthongs
Classification of diphthongs on the
closing

Vowel classification for ESL purposes
1) stability of articulation;
2) tongue position:

Vowel classification for ESL purposes
3) lip position (rounded || spread);
4)