Ancient Greec-Roman philosophy. (Lecture 3)

Ancient Greek and then Roman Mythology and Philosophy covers the period

It originated in ancient Greek city states of democratic orientation. Greek

Homer is the name of the Greek poet who wrote the

Hesiod was an Ancient Greek poet. He is probably the second

Of course, the early Greek philosophy is closely linked with mythology,

For myth as non-reflexive forms of consciousness the image of the

The term of being associated with a variety of elements that

Investigation of first principles of fixity in the changing cycle of

The Greek-Roman philosophy can be divided into three main periods:
Pre-Socratic covers

The criterion for such division was some basic problems, which were

The basic problem of pre-Socratic period was an outlook issue about

The first school, which tried to answer this question, was the

He considered that water was original essence of the world. It

Thales’ follower Anaximenes of Miletus. Anaximenes, like others in his school

He considered that firstprimary element was air, midair because all exists

Thales’ other follower was Anaximander. He became the second master of

Next school was Pythagoras’ school.
Pythagoras of Samos (580/572 – 500/490

They also believed that the soul is immortal and goes through

Following doctrine was the doctrine of Heraclitus of Ephesus, who put

All things come into being by conflict of opposites, and the

Heraclitus’ philosophy developed in ideological struggle with the Eley School’s doctrine.

They considered that there is no such phenomenon, as fundamental movement.

Zeno's paradoxes (aporia) are a famous set of thought-provoking stories

Achilles and the ‘tortoise In a race, the quickest runner can

The arrow paradox the flying arrow is motionless.

Problem of movement solved Atomists, who shared the world on two

The second period is marked by change of the question. Henceforth

Socrates (469 BC – 399 BC) was one of the greatest

Most of his issues were only political on the surface and

He said that he, Socrates, was not wise, but he said

Socrates also taught that many people can look at something and

Socrates developed his philosophy in the struggle with the Sophists, who

Attention of the Sophists had been carried from Cosmos and nature

One of the Socrates’ followers was Plato (427-348 BC), who considered,

Socrates is usually the main person in Plato’s dialogues. Usually, Socrates

One of Plato’s most famous works is The Republic (In Greek,

Plato describes being as eternal and immutable (тұрақты), knowable only by

Like Democritus, Plato spoke of the multiplicity of being. However, according

Plato also developed the myth of the cave.

A follower of Plato Aristotle (384-322) denied the Plato’s doctrine, proving

In his “Metaphysics”, Aristotle elaborated a doctrine of four causes.
They

Aristotle did not believe in Democritus’ theories about the atomic theory.

Categories of Aristotle are not notions, but the main features of

In the third period the philosophers put a question on human

Cynics considered that each man should adhere to the ascetic life.

Main concept of his philosophy was autarky. Autarky is the quality

As opposed to them, hedonists considered that if a man has

Stoicism was a school founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium