Phonological analysis of speech sounds. Lecture 5

Июль 26, 2022

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Phonological analysis of speech sounds. Lecture 5

Содержание

2. The Phoneme, its Definition, Aspects and Functions. Some Aspects of the Phoneme Theory. Sound Interchange. Types
3. I. The Phoneme, its Definition, Aspects and Functions. . Phonetics studies sounds as articulatory and acoustic
4. “Phoneme” is used to mean “sound” in its contrastive sense. “Allophone” is used for sounds which
5. So, in connected speech a sound is generally modified by its phonetic environment: by neighbouring sounds,
6. DEFINITIONS OF THE PHONEME L. Shcherba: “A phoneme is a functional, material and abstract unit… It’s
7. DEFINITIONS OF THE PHONEME V. Vassilyev: “The segmental phoneme is the smallest (i.e. further indivisible into
8. The phoneme is a minimal abstract linguistic unit realized in speech in the form of speech
9. Allophones (or variants) of a certain phoneme are speech sounds which are realizations of one and
10. THE PHONEME [t] and its allophones Stongly aspiratied before stressed vowels, e.g. talk Non-aspirated after [s],
11. FUNCTIONS OF THE PHONEME The distinctive function. (a) morpheme-distinctive function: full-fully [-]-[ɪ] (b) word/form-distinctive function: /mæn
12. FUNCTIONS OF THE PHONEME 2. The constitutive function. (a) morpheme-constitutive function (b) word/form-constitutive function (c) sentence-constitutive
13. FUNCTIONS OF THE PHONEME 3. The recognitive function. It consists in making words with their grammatical
14. In actual speech the constitutive, distinctive and recognitive functions of the phoneme are inseparable from each
15. II. Some Aspects of the Phoneme Theory. Baudouin de Courteney Baudouin de Courteney (1845-1929), the founder
16. L.V. Shcherba (1880-1944) His early definition was mentalistic and psychological: “The phoneme is a result (or
17. N.S. Trubetzkoy (1890-1938) Head of the Prague Linguistic School Mentalistic view: “sound image”, “mental activity” Later
18. Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 – 1913) The first exponent of the phoneme theory in Western Europe
19. D. Jones (1881–1967) “The phoneme may be described roughly as a family of sounds consisting of
20. III. Sound Interchange Sounds variations in the words, their derivatives and grammatical forms are known in
21. Sound interchange can be defined as a regular correspondence between different sounds in the same positions
22. [mæn]- [men] – the alternates are [æ]- [e] which distinguish singular and plural forms of nouns.
23. The types of sound interchange: 1. synchronic causes → phonetic alternations e.g. /əˈkædəmi/ - /ˌækəˈdemɪk/ The
24. 2. Diachronic causes → historical alternations e.g. tooth – teeth [tu:ɵ]-[ti:ɵ] This interchange is traceable to
25. Phonetic alternations, as a rule, have no definite grammatical functions, they accompany some grammatical phenomena. In
26. e.g. [s] is pronounced after voiceless consonants (clocks); [z] is pronounced after voiced consonants and vowels
27. e.g. [d] is pronounced after voiced consonants and vowels (played, hugged); [t] is pronounced after voiceless
28. Another case of alternations commonly used is the interchange of vowels in the definite article. E.g.
29. Historical alternations, on the contrary, always have definite grammatical functions. In the English language, for example,
30. An alternation of sounds may be combined with suffixation, e.g. [aι-ι] in [t∫aιld]-[‘t∫ιldrən] [ɵ-ð] in [mauɵ]-[mauðz]
31. This problem is by far more significant for the Russian language because of the widely spread
32. IV. Types of Transcription 1. Broad (phonemic) transcription. 2. Narrow (allophonic) transcription.
33. Broad (phonemic) transcription Broad (phonemic) transcription provides special symbols for all the phonemes of a language.
35. Narrow (allophonic) transcription Narrow (allophonic) transcription incorporates as much phonetic information as the phonetician desires, or
36. Narrow (allophonic) transcription It provides special symbols to denote not only the phoneme as a language
37. Narrow (allophonic) transcription Sometimes, however, it may be helpful to include symbols representing allophones in order
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The Phoneme, its Definition, Aspects and Functions.
Some Aspects of the Phoneme

Theory.
Sound Interchange.
Types of Transcription.

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I. The Phoneme, its Definition, Aspects and Functions. .

Phonetics studies sounds

as articulatory and acoustic units.
Phonology investigates them as units which serve people for their communicative purpose.

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“Phoneme” is used to mean “sound” in its contrastive sense.
“Allophone” is

used for sounds which are variants of a phoneme; they usually occur in different positions in the words (i.e. in different environments) and they cannot contrast with each other, nor be used to make meaningful distinctions.

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So, in connected speech a sound is generally modified by its

phonetic environment: by neighbouring sounds, by the position it occupies in a word or in an utterance, by the stress, speech melody, tempo of speech.
[p] port – initial position (strong aspiration)
sport– after [s] (the loss of aspiration)
top – final position

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DEFINITIONS OF THE PHONEME
L. Shcherba:
“A phoneme is a functional, material and

abstract unit… It’s a dialectal unity of these three aspects because they determine one another and are thus interdependent.”

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DEFINITIONS OF THE PHONEME
V. Vassilyev:
“The segmental phoneme is the smallest

(i.e. further indivisible into smaller consecutive elements) language unit (sound type) that exists in the speech of all the members of a given language community as such speech sounds which are capable of distinguishing one word from another word of the same language or one grammatical form from another grammatical form of the same word.”

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The phoneme is a minimal abstract linguistic unit realized in speech

in the form of speech sounds opposable to other phonemes of the same language to distinguish the meaning of morphemes and words.

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Allophones (or variants) of a certain phoneme are speech sounds which

are realizations of one and the same phoneme and which, consequently, cannot distinguish the meaning of morphemes and words.

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THE PHONEME [t] and its allophones
Stongly aspiratied before stressed vowels, e.g.

talk
Non-aspirated after [s], e.g. stalk
Pronounced without any plosion before another plosive consonant, e.g. sit down
Palatalized before the sonorant [j], e.g. get you
Becomes dental if it is followed by the interdental sounds [ɵ, ð], e.g. get the hell
Becomes post-alveolar if it is followed by the post-alveolar sound [r], e.g. try

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FUNCTIONS OF THE PHONEME
The distinctive function.
(a) morpheme-distinctive function:
full-fully [-]-[ɪ]

(b) word/form-distinctive function:
/mæn - men /
(c) sentence-distinctive function:
[ʃɪ ꞌtəʊl mɪ tə ꞌkʌm ↘ daʊn - ʃɪ ꞌtəʊl mɪ tə ꞌkɑ:m ↘ daʊn]

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FUNCTIONS OF THE PHONEME
2. The constitutive function.
(a) morpheme-constitutive function
(b)

word/form-constitutive function
(c) sentence-constitutive function

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FUNCTIONS OF THE PHONEME
3. The recognitive function.
It consists in making

words with their grammatical forms and, therefore, whole sentences easily recognizable or identifiable and, consequently, intelligible, as the result of the use of the right allophones in the right places.

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In actual speech the constitutive, distinctive and recognitive functions of the

phoneme are inseparable from each other.

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II. Some Aspects of the Phoneme Theory. Baudouin de Courteney
Baudouin de

Courteney (1845-1929), the founder of the Kasan linguistic school:
The phoneme is regarded as a psychic image of a sound (“психический эквивалент звука”). It is an ideal “mental image” or a target at which the speaker aims.

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L.V. Shcherba (1880-1944)
His early definition was mentalistic and psychological: “The phoneme

is a result (or product) of our mental activity”
Later he developed the other, materialistic view of the phoneme. He defined it as a real independent distinctive unit which manifests itself in the form of its allophones.

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N.S. Trubetzkoy (1890-1938)
Head of the Prague Linguistic School
Mentalistic view: “sound image”,

“mental activity”
Later approach: materialistic view. “The phoneme shouldn’t be defined from the psychological point of view as it is a linguistic unit but not a psychological notion”.

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Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 – 1913)
The first exponent of the phoneme

theory in Western Europe
He viewed the phoneme as the sum of acoustic impressions and articulatory movements and regarded it as a “disembodied unit of the language”.

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D. Jones (1881–1967)
“The phoneme may be described roughly as a family

of sounds consisting of an important sound of the language (i.e. the most frequently used member of that family) together with other related sounds ‘taking its place’ in particular sound-sequences or under particular conditions of length and stress”.

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III. Sound Interchange
Sounds variations in the words, their derivatives and grammatical

forms are known in linguistics as sound interchange, or the alternation of sounds.
It takes place between sounds belonging to the same general type, i.e. consonants may alternate only with consonants and vowels may alternate only with vowels.

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Sound interchange can be defined as a regular correspondence between different

sounds in the same positions in different derivatives from the same root, or in different grammatical forms of the same word, or in different allomorphs of the same morpheme.

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[mæn]- [men] – the alternates are [æ]- [e] which distinguish singular

and plural forms of nouns.
[ju:z]- [ju:s] - the alternates are [z]- [s] which distinguish parts of speech in etymologically correlated words.

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The types of sound interchange:
1. synchronic causes → phonetic alternations

e.g. /əˈkædəmi/ - /ˌækəˈdemɪk/
The alternation between vowels is due to the loss of stress.

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2. Diachronic causes → historical alternations
e.g. tooth – teeth

[tu:ɵ]-[ti:ɵ]
This interchange is traceable to a kind of partial regressive vowel assimilation, or vowel harmony, the so-called i-mutation, which was one of the phonetic phenomena of Old English.

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Phonetic alternations, as a rule, have no definite grammatical functions, they

accompany some grammatical phenomena. In the English language, for example, they help to pronounce correctly singular and plural forms of nouns, the past tense forms and past participle forms of regular verbs.

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e.g. [s] is pronounced after voiceless consonants (clocks);
[z] is pronounced after

voiced consonants and vowels (bags, boys);
[ɪz] is pronounced after sibilants (washes)

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e.g. [d] is pronounced after voiced consonants and vowels (played, hugged);
[t]

is pronounced after voiceless consonants (looked);
[ɪd] after [t], [d] (wanted).

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Another case of alternations commonly used is the interchange of vowels

in the definite article.
E.g. [ði:] full form (You should go to the Maldives. It's THE place to see coral.)
[ði] before vowels (the Army)
[ðə] before consonants (the pen)

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Historical alternations, on the contrary, always have definite grammatical functions. In

the English language, for example, historical alternations are connected with the conjugation of irregular verbs and help to distinguish singular and plural forms of some nouns:
Ex. sing – sang – sung; send – sent - sent
man [mæn] – men [men], foot [fu:t] – feet [fi:t].

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An alternation of sounds may be combined with suffixation,
e.g. [aι-ι]

in [t∫aιld]-[‘t∫ιldrən]
[ɵ-ð] in [mauɵ]-[mauðz]
An alternation of sounds combined with suffixation may also be accompanied or produced by the shift of stress,
e.g. [eι-ə], [ə-ɒ]: major - majority [‘meιdʒə]-[mə’dʒɒrətι]

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This problem is by far more significant for the Russian language

because of the widely spread voiced/voiceless assimilation and vowel reduction in the language:
мороз [м∧р’ос ] – морозы [м∧р’озы]
город [г’орът]– города [гър∧д’а]
коса [к∧с’а ] – косы [к’осы]

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IV. Types of Transcription 1. Broad (phonemic) transcription. 2. Narrow (allophonic) transcription.

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Broad (phonemic) transcription
Broad (phonemic) transcription provides special symbols for all the

phonemes of a language. It is mainly used for practical purposes.

Слайд 34

Слайд 35

Narrow (allophonic) transcription
Narrow (allophonic) transcription incorporates as much phonetic information as

the phonetician desires, or as he can distinguish.

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Narrow (allophonic) transcription
It provides special symbols to denote not only the

phoneme as a language unit but also its allophonic modifications. The symbol [h] for instance indicates aspirated articulation, cf. [kheɪt] - [skeɪt].
This type of transcription is mainly used in research work allowing linguists to make detailed analyses of language variation.

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Narrow (allophonic) transcription
Sometimes, however, it may be helpful to include symbols

representing allophones in order to emphasize a particular feature of an allophonic modification. For example:
law [lɔ:]
all [ɔ:ɫ]]
[l] – soft (clear) variant (pronounced before vowels)
[ɫ] – hard (dark) variant (pronounced before consonants and in the final position)

Phonological analysis of speech sounds. Lecture 5

Содержание

The Phoneme, its Definition, Aspects and Functions.Some Aspects of the Phoneme

I. The Phoneme, its Definition, Aspects and Functions. . Phonetics studies sounds

“Phoneme” is used to mean “sound” in its contrastive sense.“Allophone” is

So, in connected speech a sound is generally modified by its

DEFINITIONS OF THE PHONEMEL. Shcherba:“A phoneme is a functional, material and

DEFINITIONS OF THE PHONEMEV. Vassilyev: “The segmental phoneme is the smallest

The phoneme is a minimal abstract linguistic unit realized in speech

Allophones (or variants) of a certain phoneme are speech sounds which

THE PHONEME [t] and its allophonesStongly aspiratied before stressed vowels, e.g.

FUNCTIONS OF THE PHONEMEThe distinctive function. (a) morpheme-distinctive function: full-fully [-]-[ɪ]

FUNCTIONS OF THE PHONEME2. The constitutive function. (a) morpheme-constitutive function (b)

FUNCTIONS OF THE PHONEME3. The recognitive function. It consists in making

In actual speech the constitutive, distinctive and recognitive functions of the

II. Some Aspects of the Phoneme Theory. Baudouin de Courteney Baudouin de

L.V. Shcherba (1880-1944)His early definition was mentalistic and psychological: “The phoneme

N.S. Trubetzkoy (1890-1938)Head of the Prague Linguistic SchoolMentalistic view: “sound image”,

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 – 1913)The first exponent of the phoneme

D. Jones (1881–1967)“The phoneme may be described roughly as a family

III. Sound InterchangeSounds variations in the words, their derivatives and grammatical