Ixodes Scapularis

Август 22, 2022

Содержание

2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Adults have ovoid or pear-shaped bodies, which become engorged with blood when they feed,
3. MORPHOLOGY Size: 2.5mm , males smaller than female Capitulum: composed of base which carries the mouthparts
4. Ticks are important to human and veterinary medicine for a variety of reasons: as vectors of
5. Widely distributed across the eastern United States. Transmits: Borrelia burgdorferi and B. mayonii (which cause Lyme
6. DISTRIBUTION
7. TYPES OF TICKS Hard ticks have a “plate” on their back that is called a scutum.
8. LIFE CYCLE Ixodes scapulars has a 2-year lifecycle, during which time it passes through three stages:
9. Egg laid by femles Larvae hatches, feed on blood then drop to the ground They moult
10. The ticks that transmit Lyme disease, a debilitating flulike illness caused by Borrelia bacteria, are spreading
11. Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Lyme disease is caused
12. Fever, chills, headache, fatigue, muscle and joint aches, and swollen lymph nodes Occurs in approximately 70
14. Most Lyme disease tests are designed to detect antibodies made by the body in response to
15. Some laboratories offer Lyme disease testing using assays whose accuracy and clinical usefulness have not been
16. People treated with appropriate antibiotics in the early stages of Lyme disease usually recover rapidly and
17. Reducing exposure to ticks is the best defense against Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and
18. Check your body for ticks after being outdoors. Conduct a full body check upon return from
19. https://youtu.be/0CotiX0WJ4g https://youtu.be/0g_lt0FcQag https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oODJG4Xpz8 INFORMATIVE VIDEOS
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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Adults have ovoid or pear-shaped bodies, which become engorged with

blood when they feed, and eight legs. In addition to having a hard shield on their dorsal surfaces, hard ticks have a beak-like structure at the front containing the mouthparts, whereas soft ticks have their mouthparts on the underside of their bodies

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MORPHOLOGY
Size: 2.5mm , males smaller than female
Capitulum: composed of base

which carries the mouthparts and pedipalps
Mouthparts: composed of –
a)Hypostome: ventral elongated structure with backwardly directed teeth.
b)Chelicerate: two dorsal, with hooked digits and lie in sheath.
Pedipalps: two, four segmented, lie lateral to the chelicerae
Ventral Surface: a)4pairs of legs with one tarsal segment & a pair of claws
b)The genital pore between the first coxae

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Ticks are important to human and veterinary medicine for a variety of reasons: as

vectors of bacterial, protozoal, rickaettsial, spirochaetal and viral diseases of humans, domestic stock and companion animals.

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Widely distributed across the eastern United States. Transmits: Borrelia burgdorferi and B. mayonii (which cause Lyme disease), Anaplasma

phagocytophilum (anaplasmosis), B. miyamotoi disease (a form of relapsing fever), Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis (ehrlichiosis), Babesia microti (babesiosis), and Powassan virus (Powassan virus disease).

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

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DISTRIBUTION

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TYPES OF TICKS
Hard ticks have a “plate” on their back that

is called a scutum. Also, hard ticks have mouthparts that are visible when the tick is viewed from above. Soft ticks appear to have a wrinkled body; lack a scutum; and the males and females are very close to the same size

Soft ticks lack the hard scutum present in the hard ticks (Ixodidae). The gnathosoma (or capitulum, the mouthparts-bearing structure) is located on the underside of the animal's body and is not readily visible,, while in the Ixodidae, the gnathosoma projects forward from the body. The lateral edges of the body are rounded.

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LIFE CYCLE
Ixodes scapulars has a 2-year lifecycle, during which time it

passes through three stages: larva, nymph, and adult. The tick must take a blood meal at each stage before maturing to the next. Deer tick females latch onto a host and drink its blood for 4-5 days. Deer are the preferred host of the deer tick, but it is also known to feed on small rodents. After she is engorged, the tick drops off and overwinters in the leaf litter of the forest floor. The following spring, the female lays several hundred to a few thousand eggs in clusters. Transtadial (between tick stages) passage of Borrelia burgdorferi is common. Vertical passage (from mother to egg) of Borrelia is uncommon.

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Egg laid by femles
Larvae hatches, feed on blood then drop to

the ground
They moult into nymphs
Nymphs feed on blood and moult into adults
Adults male and female feed on blood
Life cycle takes several months

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The ticks that transmit Lyme disease, a debilitating flulike illness caused

by Borrelia bacteria, are spreading rapidly across the United States. A new study shows just how rapidly. Over the past 20 years, the two species known to spread the disease to humans have together advanced into half of all the counties in the United StateLyme disease cases have tripled in the United States over the last 2 decades, making it the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere. The disease now affects around 300,000 Americans each year. If diagnosed early—a rash commonly appears around the site of the tick bite—Lyme can be effectively treated with antibiotics, but longer term infections can produce more serious symptoms, including joint stiffness, brain inflammation, and nerve pain.

TRANSMISSION

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Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United

States. Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and rarely, Borrelia mayonii. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks.

DISEASE CAUSED

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Fever, chills, headache, fatigue, muscle and joint aches, and swollen lymph

nodes
Occurs in approximately 70 to 80 percent of infected persons
Begins at the site of a tick bite after a delay of 3 to 30 days (average is about 7 days)
Expands gradually over several days reaching up to 12 inches or more (30 cm) across
May feel warm to the touch but is rarely itchy or painful
Sometimes clears as it enlarges, resulting in a target or “bull’s-eye” appearance
May appear on any area of the body
Does not always appear as a “classic” erythema migrans rash

SYMPTOMS

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Most Lyme disease tests are designed to detect antibodies made by

the body in response to infection.
Antibodies can take several weeks to develop, so patients may test negative if infected only recently.
Antibodies normally persist in the blood for months or even years after the infection is gone; therefore, the test cannot be used to determine cure.
Infection with other diseases, including some tickborne diseases, or some viral, bacterial, or autoimmune diseases, can result in false positive test results.
Some tests give results for two types of antibody, IgM and IgG. Positive IgM results should be disregarded if the patient has been ill for more than 30 days.

DIAGNOSIS

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Some laboratories offer Lyme disease testing using assays whose accuracy and

clinical usefulness have not been adequately established. Examples of unvalidated tests include:
Capture assays for antigens in urine
Culture, immunofluorescence staining, or cell sorting of cell wall-deficient or cystic forms of B.burgdorferi
Lymphocyte transformation tests
Quantitative CD57 lymphocyte assays
“Reverse Western blots”
In-house criteria for interpretation of immunoblot
Measurements of antibodies in joint fluid (synovial fluid)

LABORATORY TEST

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People treated with appropriate antibiotics in the early stages of Lyme

disease usually recover rapidly and completely. Antibiotics commonly used for oral treatment include doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime axetil. People with certain neurological or cardiac forms of illness may require intravenous treatment with antibiotics such as ceftriaxone or penicillin.

TREATMENT

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Reducing exposure to ticks is the best defense against Lyme disease,

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and other tickborne infections. You and your family can take several steps to prevent and control Lyme disease:
On people
On pets
In the yard
Lyme disease vaccine

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

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Check your body for ticks after being outdoors. Conduct a full

body check upon return from potentially tick-infested areas, including your own backyard. Use a hand-held or full-length mirror to view all parts of your body. Check these parts of your body and your child’s body for ticks:
Under the arms
In and around the ears
Inside belly button
Back of the knees
In and around the hair
Between the legs
Around the waist

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