Pathologic Protozoa

Июль 22, 2022

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Pathologic Protozoa

Содержание

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOA 1. Unicellular 2. Chemoheterotrophs (get their energy by breaking down organic matter). 3.
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOA 4. The vegetative form is the TROPHOZOA (tropho = movement; zoite = animal;
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOA 6. Some produce cysts. These are not tissue cysts like a human gets
5. PROTOZOA CYSTS Cysts are not as resistant as a bacterial endospore. You can kill cysts by
6. Classification Domain: Eukaryotes Kingdom: Protista
7. Classification Traditional classification of protozoa phylae was based on mode of locomotion. MASTIGOPHORA (flagella) CILIOPHORA (cilia)
8. Modern Classification Modern classification of protozoa is based on how they evolved and how closely related
9. EUGLENOZOA EUGLENOZOA (older classification = Mastigophora): has flagella and its mitochondria have disc-shaped cristae Organisms Trypanosoma
10. MASTIGOPHORA DISEASES Trypanosomiasis Leishmaniasis
11. TERMS Promastigote: has single flagella Amastigote: has no flagella Kinetoplast: round mass of circular DNA
12. Leishmania donovani Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Mastigophora Class: Kinetoplastida Order: Trypanosomatida Genus: Leishmania Species: donovani
13. Leishmania donovani Disease: Leishmaniasis Vector-borne disease transmitted by sandflies.
14. Leishmania Life Cycle Kinetoplast It starts out as a spindle-shaped, single flagellated cell called a promastigote
15. Leishmania rosette In prepared slides you can see promastigotes align their nose in a circle, called
16. Leishmaniasis rosette
17. Leishmania Life Cycle It reproduces in the gut of a female sandfly, and migrates to her
18. Leishmaniasis These amastigotes multiply in various organs including the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. Symptoms include
19. Leishmania Life Cycle The female sandflies inject the infective stage, promastigotes, during blood meals. Macrophages phagocytize
20. Leishmaniasis Life Cycle
21. Leishmania donovani (Promastigote) Single flagellum found in sand flies
22. Leishmaniasis Amastogotes Amastogotes with nucleus and kinetoplast Macrophage rupturing
23. Leishmania Amastigotes
24. Sandfly This looks like a mosquito, except its body is hairy and the wings are feathery.
25. Leishmaniasis Geographic Distribution: More than 90 percent of the world's cases of visceral leishmaniasis are in
26. Leishmaniasis There are three forms of Leishmaniasis: Cutaneous Mucocutaneus Visceral
27. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis The disease is only at the site of the bite. This form is seen
28. Leishmaniasis (cutaneous)
29. Leishmaniasis (cutaneous)
30. Leishmaniasis (cutaneous)
31. Leishmaniasis (mucocunateous) This is when the disease located in the mucous membranes of the nose and
32. Leishmaniasis (mucocunateous)
33. Leishmaniasis (visceral) This is the most serious form. It occurs especially in immunocompromised people, especially HIV
34. Kala Azar Hepatosplenomegaly
35. Kala Azar (duodenum)
36. Определите тип лейшманиоза А Б В Г Visceral leishmaniosis Old World skin leishmaniosis New World skin
37. Leishmania life cycle
38. TERMS Mastigote = flagella Promastigote: has single flagella Amastigote: has no flagella Kinetoplast: round mass of
39. Trypanosomiasis African Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness) American Trypanosomiasis (Chaga’s Disease)
40. “African Sleeping Sickness” Disease: African Tryptanosomiasis Causal Agents: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
42. Geographic Distribution T. b. gambiense is found in foci in large areas of West and Central
43. Trypanosomiasis Trypanosomiasis has a biological vector, the tsetse (pronounced “set-see”) fly. Wild animals may also be
44. Trypanosomiasis The tsetse fly bites a human and injects the trypanomastigotes into the skin. This causes
45. Trypanosomiasis It is characterized by Winterbottom’s Sign: swelling of the cervical lymph nodes in the head
46. Trypanosomiasis CNS symptoms Shuffling gait Slurred speech Malaise (sleeping all day) Treatment Melarsoprol: which has dangerous
47. Trypanosoma brucei Trypomastigote stages are the only form found in patients. Posterior kinetoplast Centrally located nucleus
48. Trypanosoma brucei
49. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypomastigote
50. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
51. Tsetse Fly
52. “Chaga’s Disease” Disease: American Tryptanosomiasis A zoonotic disease (can infect animals) that can be transmitted to
53. “Chaga’s Disease” This disease is NOT found in Africa. This disease is also zoonotic; it can
54. “Chaga’s Disease” It prefers the lips because the blood supply is close to the surface. It
55. “Chaga’s Disease” Symptoms include fever, anorexia, swollen lymph nodes, hepatosplenomegally (enlarged liver and spleen), and myocarditis
57. Trypanosoma cruzi Insect vector is the “kissing” bug. It takes a blood meal and releases trypomastigotes
58. Trypanosoma cruzi Geographic Distribution: The Americas from the southern United States to southern Argentina. Mostly in
59. Trypanosoma cruzi
60. Trypanosoma cruzi
61. Trypanosoma cruzi large kinetoplast
62. Trypanosoma cruzi Triatomine bug, Trypanosoma cruzi vector, defecating on the wound after taking a blood meal.
63. Kissing Bug
64. Romana’s sign Swollen eye, seen in Chagra’s disease.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOA
1. Unicellular
2. Chemoheterotrophs (get their energy by breaking down

organic matter).
3. Most ingest their food; thus, they have special structures for this.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOA
4. The vegetative form is the TROPHOZOA (tropho =

movement; zoite = animal; they move like an animal). Trophozoa have special organelles for movement.
5. Capable of reproduction
A. Asexual: fission, budding, or schizogony
(produces a large number of trophozoites)
B. Sexual: conjugation

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOA
6. Some produce cysts.
These are not tissue cysts

like a human gets under their skin; protozoa cysts are cellular.
They have a thick cell wall that allows for survival in harsh environments better than the trophozoite form.

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PROTOZOA CYSTS
Cysts are not as resistant as a bacterial endospore.
You

can kill cysts by boiling them.
They can live in the soil or water for months.
A cyst is no motile, so it is not trophozoic.
A cyst does not procure its nutrients or ingest food, but it can absorb nutrients.
It has no organelles to ingest food.

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Classification
Domain: Eukaryotes
Kingdom: Protista

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Classification
Traditional classification of protozoa phylae was based on mode of locomotion.
MASTIGOPHORA

(flagella)
CILIOPHORA (cilia)
SARCODINA (amoebas)
SPOROZOA (spore-formers)
Apicomplexa (attachment organ)

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Modern Classification
Modern classification of protozoa is based on how they evolved

and how closely related they are (phylogenetic taxonomy), as determined by their ribosomal RNA. The human pathogenic protozoa may be classified as follows:
METAMONADA (multiple flagella with feeding grooves)
AMOEBOZOA (amoebas)
APICOMPLEXA (attachment organ)
CILIOPHORA (cilia)
EUGLENOZOA (flagella and disc-shaped cristae in mitochondria)

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EUGLENOZOA
EUGLENOZOA (older classification = Mastigophora): has flagella and its mitochondria have

disc-shaped cristae
Organisms
Trypanosoma
Disease: Trypanosomiasis
Leishmania donovani
Disease: Leishmaniasis

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MASTIGOPHORA DISEASES
Trypanosomiasis
Leishmaniasis

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TERMS
Promastigote: has single flagella
Amastigote: has no flagella
Kinetoplast: round mass of circular

DNA

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Leishmania donovani
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Mastigophora
Class: Kinetoplastida
Order: Trypanosomatida
Genus: Leishmania
Species: donovani

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Leishmania donovani
Disease: Leishmaniasis
Vector-borne disease transmitted by sandflies.

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Leishmania Life Cycle
Kinetoplast
It starts out as a spindle-shaped, single flagellated cell

called a promastigote (mastigote means flagella).
You can also see the nucleus and a kinetoplast (mass of circular DNA).

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Leishmania rosette
In prepared slides you can see promastigotes align their nose

in a circle, called a rosette.

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Leishmaniasis rosette

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Leishmania Life Cycle
It reproduces in the gut of a female sandfly,

and migrates to her proboscis (mouth part).
It is introduced into the human by her bite.
It then enters a macrophage and becomes intracellular.
Here, it loses its flagella and is now known as an amastigote.

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Leishmaniasis
These amastigotes multiply in various organs including the spleen, liver, and

lymph nodes.
Symptoms include lymph adenopathy, fever, weight loss, and a decrease in all blood cells.
The treatment is almost as bad as the disease because of the side effects. It is best to catch it early.

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Leishmania Life Cycle
The female sandflies inject the infective stage, promastigotes, during

blood meals.
Macrophages phagocytize them and they transform into amastigotes.
Other sandflies become infected during blood meals when they ingest infected macrophages.
In the sandfly's midgut, the parasites differentiate into promastigotes, which multiply and migrate to the proboscis.

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Leishmaniasis Life Cycle

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Leishmania donovani (Promastigote)
Single flagellum found in sand flies

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Leishmaniasis
Amastogotes
Amastogotes with nucleus and kinetoplast
Macrophage rupturing

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Leishmania
Amastigotes

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Sandfly
This looks like a mosquito, except its body is hairy and

the wings are feathery.

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Leishmaniasis
Geographic Distribution: More than 90 percent of the world's cases of visceral

leishmaniasis are in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sudan, and Brazil.
Leishmaniasis is also found in Mexico, Central America, and South America, southern Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

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Leishmaniasis
There are three forms of Leishmaniasis:
Cutaneous
Mucocutaneus
Visceral

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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
The disease is only at the site of the bite.

This form is seen in Texas, Mexico, Asia, and the Middle East (our Iraq troops are coming down with this form).
It manifests as a large, wet sore with raised edges. It looks like a volcano with weepy serum coming out of the center.
The wound is not contagious, just the sandfly bite.
Dogs can get this disease, too.

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Leishmaniasis (cutaneous)

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Leishmaniasis (cutaneous)

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Leishmaniasis (cutaneous)

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Leishmaniasis (mucocunateous)
This is when the disease located in the mucous membranes

of the nose and mouth.
The most gruesome photos are of this form.

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Leishmaniasis (mucocunateous)

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Leishmaniasis (visceral)
This is the most serious form. It occurs especially in

immunocompromised people, especially HIV patients.
The amastagotes reproduce inside macrophages.
Only T-cells can kill infected macrophages, but HIV is a disease that infects T-cells.
This form is known as Kala Azar.

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Kala Azar
Hepatosplenomegaly

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Kala Azar (duodenum)

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Определите тип лейшманиоза
А
Б
В
Г
Visceral leishmaniosis
Old World skin leishmaniosis
New World skin and mucous

leishmaniosis

New World skin leishmaniosis (also damages cartilage)

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Leishmania life cycle

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TERMS
Mastigote = flagella
Promastigote: has single flagella
Amastigote: has no flagella
Kinetoplast: round mass

of circular DNA

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Trypanosomiasis
African Trypanosomiasis
(African Sleeping Sickness)
American Trypanosomiasis
(Chaga’s Disease)

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“African Sleeping Sickness”
Disease: African Tryptanosomiasis
Causal Agents:
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

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Geographic Distribution
T. b. gambiense is found in foci in large areas

of West and Central Africa.
Humans are the main reservoir for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, but this species can also be found in animals.
T. b. rhodesiense is found in East and Southeast Africa.
Wild game animals are the main reservoir of T. b. rhodesiense.

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Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomiasis has a biological vector, the tsetse (pronounced “set-see”) fly.
Wild animals

may also be a reservoir (Zooinotic is when a disease is transmitted to animals as well as humans.)

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Trypanosomiasis
The tsetse fly bites a human and injects the trypanomastigotes into

the skin.
This causes a chanchre (pronounced “shanker”), which is an ulcer on the skin.
Then it enters the lymphatic system.

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Trypanosomiasis
It is characterized by Winterbottom’s Sign: swelling of the cervical lymph

nodes in the head and neck area.
CNS symptoms include a shuffling gait (like a stroke victim), slurred speech, and malaise (needing to sleep longer and longer each day).
They are also restless at night.

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Trypanosomiasis
CNS symptoms
Shuffling gait
Slurred speech
Malaise (sleeping all day)
Treatment
Melarsoprol: which has dangerous side-effects

like chemostherapy. This drug requires administration with a substance called ethylene glycol, which will break down regular plastic tubing, so the drug must be administered with special plastic iv tubing.

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Trypanosoma brucei
Trypomastigote stages are the only form found in patients.
Posterior kinetoplast
Centrally

located nucleus
Undulating membrane
Anterior flagellum

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Trypanosoma brucei

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Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
trypomastigote

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Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

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Tsetse Fly

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“Chaga’s Disease”
Disease: American Tryptanosomiasis
A zoonotic disease (can infect animals) that can

be transmitted to humans by blood-sucking bugs.
Causal Agent: Trypanosoma cruzi
This organism is a little smaller than T. bruceii and has a pronounced gametoplast.

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“Chaga’s Disease”
This disease is NOT found in Africa.
This disease is

also zoonotic; it can infect animals as well as humans.
The vector is a large bug called the “Kissing Bug”.
It is found in warm regions and crowded areas, especially in the cracks of adobe huts.
It comes out at night and crawls on a human while they sleep.

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“Chaga’s Disease”
It prefers the lips because the blood supply is close

to the surface.
It sucks the blood there, but they don’t transmit the organism this way.
When they suck the blood, they also defecate, and the organism is in the feces.
When the human wakes up to scratch the itch, feces get into the tiny wound.
This is a fecal? blood route.

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“Chaga’s Disease”
Symptoms include fever, anorexia, swollen lymph nodes, hepatosplenomegally (enlarged liver

and spleen), and myocarditis (inflammation of the heart), which usually causes death.
They also have megacolon (large colon) and megaesophagus (large esophagus).

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Trypanosoma cruzi
Insect vector is the “kissing” bug. It takes a blood

meal and releases trypomastigotes in its feces near the site of the bite wound.
Trypomastigotes enter the host through the wound or through intact mucosal membranes, such as the conjunctiva.
Trypanosoma cruzi can also be transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplantation, transplacentally, and in laboratory accidents.

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Trypanosoma cruzi
Geographic Distribution: The Americas from the southern United States to southern

Argentina. Mostly in poor, rural areas of Central and South America. Chronic Chagas disease is a major health problem in many Latin American countries. With increased population movements, the possibility of transmission by blood transfusion has become more substantial in the United States.

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Trypanosoma cruzi

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Trypanosoma cruzi

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Trypanosoma cruzi
large kinetoplast

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Trypanosoma cruzi
Triatomine bug, Trypanosoma cruzi vector, defecating on the wound after

taking a blood meal.

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Kissing Bug

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Pathologic Protozoa

Содержание

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOA1. Unicellular2. Chemoheterotrophs (get their energy by breaking down

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOA4. The vegetative form is the TROPHOZOA (tropho =

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOA6. Some produce cysts. These are not tissue cysts

PROTOZOA CYSTSCysts are not as resistant as a bacterial endospore. You

ClassificationDomain: EukaryotesKingdom: Protista

ClassificationTraditional classification of protozoa phylae was based on mode of locomotion.MASTIGOPHORA

Modern ClassificationModern classification of protozoa is based on how they evolved

EUGLENOZOAEUGLENOZOA (older classification = Mastigophora): has flagella and its mitochondria have

MASTIGOPHORA DISEASESTrypanosomiasisLeishmaniasis

TERMSPromastigote: has single flagellaAmastigote: has no flagellaKinetoplast: round mass of circular

Leishmania donovaniDomain: EukaryotaKingdom: ProtistaPhylum: Mastigophora Class: KinetoplastidaOrder: TrypanosomatidaGenus: LeishmaniaSpecies: donovani

Leishmania donovani Disease: LeishmaniasisVector-borne disease transmitted by sandflies.

Leishmania Life CycleKinetoplastIt starts out as a spindle-shaped, single flagellated cell

Leishmania rosetteIn prepared slides you can see promastigotes align their nose

Leishmaniasis rosette

Leishmania Life CycleIt reproduces in the gut of a female sandfly,

LeishmaniasisThese amastigotes multiply in various organs including the spleen, liver, and

Leishmania Life CycleThe female sandflies inject the infective stage, promastigotes, during

Leishmaniasis Life Cycle

Leishmania donovani (Promastigote)Single flagellum found in sand flies

LeishmaniasisAmastogotesAmastogotes with nucleus and kinetoplastMacrophage rupturing

LeishmaniaAmastigotes

SandflyThis looks like a mosquito, except its body is hairy and

LeishmaniasisGeographic Distribution: More than 90 percent of the world's cases of visceral

LeishmaniasisThere are three forms of Leishmaniasis:CutaneousMucocutaneusVisceral

Cutaneous LeishmaniasisThe disease is only at the site of the bite.

Leishmaniasis (cutaneous)

Leishmaniasis (cutaneous)

Leishmaniasis (cutaneous)

Leishmaniasis (mucocunateous)This is when the disease located in the mucous membranes

Leishmaniasis (mucocunateous)

Leishmaniasis (visceral)This is the most serious form. It occurs especially in

Kala AzarHepatosplenomegaly

Kala Azar (duodenum)

Определите тип лейшманиозаАБВГVisceral leishmaniosisOld World skin leishmaniosisNew World skin and mucous

Leishmania life cycle

TERMSMastigote = flagellaPromastigote: has single flagellaAmastigote: has no flagellaKinetoplast: round mass

TrypanosomiasisAfrican Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness)American Trypanosomiasis (Chaga’s Disease)

“African Sleeping Sickness”Disease: African TryptanosomiasisCausal Agents: Trypanosoma brucei gambienseTrypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Geographic DistributionT. b. gambiense is found in foci in large areas

TrypanosomiasisTrypanosomiasis has a biological vector, the tsetse (pronounced “set-see”) fly.Wild animals

TrypanosomiasisThe tsetse fly bites a human and injects the trypanomastigotes into

TrypanosomiasisIt is characterized by Winterbottom’s Sign: swelling of the cervical lymph

TrypanosomiasisCNS symptomsShuffling gaitSlurred speechMalaise (sleeping all day)TreatmentMelarsoprol: which has dangerous side-effects

Trypanosoma bruceiTrypomastigote stages are the only form found in patients.Posterior kinetoplastCentrally

Trypanosoma brucei

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypomastigote

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Tsetse Fly

“Chaga’s Disease”Disease: American Tryptanosomiasis A zoonotic disease (can infect animals) that can

“Chaga’s Disease”This disease is NOT found in Africa. This disease is

“Chaga’s Disease”It prefers the lips because the blood supply is close

“Chaga’s Disease”Symptoms include fever, anorexia, swollen lymph nodes, hepatosplenomegally (enlarged liver

Trypanosoma cruziInsect vector is the “kissing” bug. It takes a blood

Trypanosoma cruziGeographic Distribution: The Americas from the southern United States to southern

Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma cruzi large kinetoplast

Trypanosoma cruziTriatomine bug, Trypanosoma cruzi vector, defecating on the wound after

Kissing Bug

Romana’s signSwollen eye, seen in Chagra’s disease.

Похожие презентации

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOA
1. Unicellular
2. Chemoheterotrophs (get their energy by breaking down

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOA
4. The vegetative form is the TROPHOZOA (tropho =

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOA
6. Some produce cysts.
These are not tissue cysts

PROTOZOA CYSTS
Cysts are not as resistant as a bacterial endospore.
You

Classification
Domain: Eukaryotes
Kingdom: Protista

Classification
Traditional classification of protozoa phylae was based on mode of locomotion.
MASTIGOPHORA

Modern Classification
Modern classification of protozoa is based on how they evolved

EUGLENOZOA
EUGLENOZOA (older classification = Mastigophora): has flagella and its mitochondria have

MASTIGOPHORA DISEASES
Trypanosomiasis
Leishmaniasis

TERMS
Promastigote: has single flagella
Amastigote: has no flagella
Kinetoplast: round mass of circular

Leishmania donovani
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Mastigophora
Class: Kinetoplastida
Order: Trypanosomatida
Genus: Leishmania
Species: donovani

Leishmania donovani
Disease: Leishmaniasis
Vector-borne disease transmitted by sandflies.

Leishmania Life Cycle
Kinetoplast
It starts out as a spindle-shaped, single flagellated cell

Leishmania rosette
In prepared slides you can see promastigotes align their nose

Leishmania Life Cycle
It reproduces in the gut of a female sandfly,

Leishmaniasis
These amastigotes multiply in various organs including the spleen, liver, and

Leishmania Life Cycle
The female sandflies inject the infective stage, promastigotes, during

Leishmania donovani (Promastigote)
Single flagellum found in sand flies

Leishmaniasis
Amastogotes
Amastogotes with nucleus and kinetoplast
Macrophage rupturing

Leishmania
Amastigotes

Sandfly
This looks like a mosquito, except its body is hairy and

Leishmaniasis
Geographic Distribution: More than 90 percent of the world's cases of visceral

Leishmaniasis
There are three forms of Leishmaniasis:
Cutaneous
Mucocutaneus
Visceral

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
The disease is only at the site of the bite.

Leishmaniasis (mucocunateous)
This is when the disease located in the mucous membranes

Leishmaniasis (visceral)
This is the most serious form. It occurs especially in

Kala Azar
Hepatosplenomegaly

Определите тип лейшманиоза
А
Б
В
Г
Visceral leishmaniosis
Old World skin leishmaniosis
New World skin and mucous

TERMS
Mastigote = flagella
Promastigote: has single flagella
Amastigote: has no flagella
Kinetoplast: round mass

Trypanosomiasis
African Trypanosomiasis
(African Sleeping Sickness)
American Trypanosomiasis
(Chaga’s Disease)

“African Sleeping Sickness”
Disease: African Tryptanosomiasis
Causal Agents:
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Geographic Distribution
T. b. gambiense is found in foci in large areas

Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomiasis has a biological vector, the tsetse (pronounced “set-see”) fly.
Wild animals

Trypanosomiasis
The tsetse fly bites a human and injects the trypanomastigotes into

Trypanosomiasis
It is characterized by Winterbottom’s Sign: swelling of the cervical lymph

Trypanosomiasis
CNS symptoms
Shuffling gait
Slurred speech
Malaise (sleeping all day)
Treatment
Melarsoprol: which has dangerous side-effects

Trypanosoma brucei
Trypomastigote stages are the only form found in patients.
Posterior kinetoplast
Centrally

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
trypomastigote

“Chaga’s Disease”
Disease: American Tryptanosomiasis
A zoonotic disease (can infect animals) that can

“Chaga’s Disease”
This disease is NOT found in Africa.
This disease is

“Chaga’s Disease”
It prefers the lips because the blood supply is close

“Chaga’s Disease”
Symptoms include fever, anorexia, swollen lymph nodes, hepatosplenomegally (enlarged liver

Trypanosoma cruzi
Insect vector is the “kissing” bug. It takes a blood

Trypanosoma cruzi
Geographic Distribution: The Americas from the southern United States to southern

Trypanosoma cruzi
large kinetoplast

Trypanosoma cruzi
Triatomine bug, Trypanosoma cruzi vector, defecating on the wound after

Romana’s sign
Swollen eye, seen in Chagra’s disease.