International trade

Сентябрь 11, 2022

Содержание

2. International economics National economics International economical relations
3. World ≠ International Economy Commerce Bank Relations Commerce Production
4. World (global) market World (global) market – the system of market and services interchange formed on
5. Closed vs. Open economy Closed economy is devoid of self-organization possibilities and organized by environment. It
6. 1890, 1929-1933, 1973-1974, 2001-2002, 2008 Totalitarian trends in Germany and Italy (1933), the USSR (end of
7. International differentiation of labor is the main reason and condition of world trade A country imports
8. Basis for international differentiation of labor The environmental and geographical difference between countries. Social reasons, historical
9. Position of a country in world economics. Pre-industrial society, mainly extracting one, its economy is based
10. International specialization International specialization is a form of labor differentiation between countries, wherein the concentration increase
11. International production cooperation International production cooperation is the arrangement of long-term direct relations between enterprises based
12. Methods Methods of international industrial cooperation Contract cooperation Carrying out common projects or programs Contract specialization
13. The development of internationalization processes The development of internationalization processes can be illustrated in general as
14. Economy globalization involves various fields of world economy World trade of goods, services, technologies and the
16. Human development index, HDI (UN). This integral index consists of three components: Life expectancy index Education
17. UN specialists classification Countries of a high HDI (0.8-1) Countries of a moderate HDI (0.5-0.8) Countries
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International economics
National economics
International economical relations

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World ≠ International
Economy
Commerce
Bank
Relations
Commerce
Production

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World (global) market
World (global) market – the system of market and

services interchange formed on the basis of international labor differentiation and international currency-and-credit and financial relations.

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Closed vs. Open economy
Closed economy is devoid of self-organization possibilities

and organized by environment. It tends to autarchy (an economy system whereby the country produces almost all goods required by itself) and state-controlled economy.
Open economy is based on cooperative activities of economy subjects – exchange, cooperation and competition, on individual resolutions adopted by subjects being free of strict regulation (spontaneous order – F. Hayek). All that promotes rapid development of open economy, makes it unbalanced and results in its self-organized nature.

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1890, 1929-1933, 1973-1974, 2001-2002, 2008
Totalitarian trends in Germany and Italy (1933),

the USSR (end of 20-s – beginning of 30-s),
Kampuchea (1975)
Vietnam (1976)

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International differentiation of labor is the main reason and condition of

world trade

A country imports some product from another state for the reason that it is impossible to produce this product in natural environment given.
A country imports some goods that can be produced inland but at a much higher costs

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Basis for international differentiation of labor
The environmental and geographical difference between

countries.
Social reasons, historical and production traditions of a country.
Scientific and technical achievements

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Position of a country in world economics.
Pre-industrial society, mainly extracting one,

its economy is based on agriculture, extraction of coal, energy, gas, fishery, forestry.
Industrial society, mainly processing one, energy and machinery are used for goods production.
Post-industrial society is an entity, wherein telecommunications and computers serve the main function in production as well as information and knowledge interchange.

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International specialization
International specialization is a form of labor differentiation between countries,

wherein the concentration increase of uniform production in the world is performed on a basis of national production differentiation and separating the manufacturing of uniform products in excess of inland demand as independent technological processes.
production territorial

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International production cooperation
International production cooperation is the arrangement of long-term direct

relations between enterprises based on specialization.
By type: economical cooperation, industrial collaboration, production cooperation, scirntific-and-technical cooperation, cooperation in project engineering and construction, sales cooperation, cooperative collaboration in various fields of economical activities.
By stages: pre-production, production and commercial cooperation.
By relations structure: intra- and inter-companies, intra- and inter-industrial, horizontal, vertical, mixed, fractal, virtual cooperation.
By territory size and subjects number: bipartite and multipartite, regional, inter-regional, world cooperation.
By objects number: single- and multi-objective cooperation.

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Methods
Methods of international industrial cooperation
Contract cooperation
Carrying out common projects or

programs
Contract specialization
Establishment of joint ventures

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The development of internationalization processes
The development of internationalization processes can be

illustrated in general as follows:

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Economy globalization involves various fields of world economy
World trade of goods,

services, technologies and the objects of intellectual property
International movement of production factors (labor, capital, information)
International financial-and-credit and currency transactions (non-reciprocal financing and help, credits and loans of subjects of international economic relations etc.)
Production, scientific-and-technical, technological, engineering and information cooperation

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Human development index, HDI (UN).
This integral index consists of three components:
Life

expectancy index
Education index, measured as combination of two values:
Adult literacy index (2/3 of the index)
Gross enrollment index (1/3 of the index)
Actual value of average personal income, calculated by a complex program on the basis of GDP per-capita (at purchasing power parity) and indices addressing the specifics of funds disposition in a society, in particular the proportion of income shares of 20% poorest and 20% wealthiest people, as well as the proportion of national indices and worldwide average “limit level” to ensure the normal living standard

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UN specialists classification
Countries of a high HDI (0.8-1)
Countries of a moderate

HDI (0.5-0.8)
Countries of a low HDI (0-0.5)

International trade

Содержание

International economics National economics International economical relations

World ≠ InternationalEconomyCommerceBankRelationsCommerceProduction

World (global) marketWorld (global) market – the system of market and

Closed vs. Open economy Closed economy is devoid of self-organization possibilities

1890, 1929-1933, 1973-1974, 2001-2002, 2008Totalitarian trends in Germany and Italy (1933),

International differentiation of labor is the main reason and condition of

Basis for international differentiation of laborThe environmental and geographical difference between

Position of a country in world economics.Pre-industrial society, mainly extracting one,

International specializationInternational specialization is a form of labor differentiation between countries,

International production cooperationInternational production cooperation is the arrangement of long-term direct

MethodsMethods of international industrial cooperation Contract cooperationCarrying out common projects or

The development of internationalization processesThe development of internationalization processes can be

Economy globalization involves various fields of world economyWorld trade of goods,

Human development index, HDI (UN).This integral index consists of three components:Life

UN specialists classificationCountries of a high HDI (0.8-1)Countries of a moderate

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