Structure of the program in Prolog. Execution management

Июль 27, 2022

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Structure of the program in Prolog. Execution management

Содержание

2. Peculiarities of Visual Prolog Visual Prolog is a compiled language Other versions have elements of interpretation
3. Program sections compiler directives CONSTANTS – section of constants description DOMAINS – section of domains description
4. Peculiarities of Visual Prolog All sections can be in any order Predicates and domain must be
5. Program containing only the goal GOAL write("hello"), readchar(_).
6. Compiler directives trace – to trace the program nowarnings – to suppress the message that a
7. Peculiarities of Visual Prolog You can start tracing only for the definite predicate If there is
8. Constants CONSTANTS pi=3.14 path="c:\\prolog\\bgi"
9. Domains integer – an integer number (-32768...32767) real – a float number (±e-307...±e308) char – a
10. Description of your own domain = or file = ; ...; or = * Examples: DOMAINS
11. Description of a structured domain = ( , ..., ) [; (...)]* Examples: flatpoint = p(integer,
12. Description of predicates ( , ..., ). Examples: PREDICATES mother(string,string). member(integer,integer*). member(real,real*). member(char,char*). member(string,string*). One and
13. Standard predicates readln(_) readint(_) readreal(_) readchar(_) readterm(name_domain, term_domain) write([ ,…]) writef – format output nl upper_lower(_,_)
14. Standard predicates div() mod() trunc() round() random(_) random( ,_) All embedded predicates are determinated
15. Program “Relatives” DOMAINS s=string PREDICATES nondeterm mother(s,s) nondeterm grandmother(s,s) CLAUSES mother("Наташа","Даша"). mother("Даша","Маша"). grandmother(X,Y):- mother(X,Z), mother(Z,Y). Well-formed
16. Execution management Method of a depth search (backtracking) Method of a rollback after a failure Cut
17. Backtracking DOMAINS s=string PREDICATES mother(s,s) grandmother(s,s) CLAUSES mother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha"). mother(“Natasha",”Glasha"). mother(“Dasha",”Sasha"). grandmother(X,Y):– mother(X,Z), mother(Z,Y). GOAL grandmother(B,V).
18. Method of a rollback after a failure DOMAINS s=string PREDICATES mother(s,s) grandmother(s,s) CLAUSES mother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha"). mother(“Natasha",”Glasha").
19. Method of a rollback after a failure DOMAINS s=string PREDICATES mother(s,s) grandmother(s,s) CLAUSES mother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha"). mother(“Natasha",”Glasha").
20. Method of a rollback after a failure DOMAINS s=string PREDICATES mother(s,s) grandmother(s,s) show_names CLAUSES mother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha").
21. Method of a rollback after a failure DOMAINS s=string PREDICATES mother(s,s) grandmother(s,s) show_names2(s) CLAUSES mother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha").
22. Cut and rollback DOMAINS s=string PREDICATES mother(s,s) grandmother(s,s) show_names3(s) CLAUSES mother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha"). mother(“Natasha",”Glasha"). mother(“Dasha",”Sasha"). grandmother(X,Y):– mother(X,Z),
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Слайд 2

Peculiarities of Visual Prolog
Visual Prolog is a compiled language
Other versions have

elements of interpretation of a code during the execution
Strict data typing
Rules are not data: you can’t add or remove them during the execution
You can’t define new operations

Слайд 3

Program sections
compiler directives
CONSTANTS – section of constants description
DOMAINS – section

of domains description
DATABASE – section of description of internal database predicates
PREDICATES – section of predicates description
CLAUSES – section of clauses description
GOAL – section of internal goal description

Слайд 4

Peculiarities of Visual Prolog
All sections can be in any order
Predicates and

domain must be defined before their usage
Predicates declared in a section DATABASE can be added and removed from internal database while the execution

Слайд 5

Program containing only the goal
GOAL
write("hello"), readchar(_).

Слайд 6

Compiler directives
trace – to trace the program
nowarnings – to suppress the

message that a variable occurs only once
include – insertion of some file content
check_determ – compulsory check of predicates determination

Слайд 7

Peculiarities of Visual Prolog
You can start tracing only for the definite

predicate
If there is a tracing the optimization of recursion is not working
To establish non-determination of predicates by default: Options – Project – Compiler options – Warnings – Default predicate type – Nondeterm

Слайд 8

$Constants CONSTANTS pi=3.14 path="c:\\prolog\\bgi"$

Constants
CONSTANTS
pi=3.14
path="c:\\prolog\\bgi"

Слайд 9

Domains
integer – an integer number (-32768...32767)
real – a float number (±e-307...±e308)
char

– a symbol in apostrophes
string – a sequence of symbols in double quotation marks
symbol – a symbolic constant (atom)
file – a file

Слайд 10

Description of your own domain
=
or
file = ;

...;
or
= *
Examples:
DOMAINS
i=integer
list=i*

Слайд 11

Description of a structured domain
= (, ..., ) [;(...)]*
Examples:
flatpoint

= p(integer, integer)
triangle = tr(point, point, point)
fullpoint = p(integer, integer); p(integer, integer, integer)

Слайд 12

Description of predicates
(, ..., ).
Examples:
PREDICATES
mother(string,string).
member(integer,integer).
member(real,real).
member(char,char).
member(string,string).
One and the same predicate will

work with different data of different domains

Слайд 13

Standard predicates
readln(_)
readint(_)
readreal(_)
readchar(_)
readterm(name_domain, term_domain)
write([,…])
writef – format output
nl
upper_lower(_,_)
str_int(_,_)
str_real(_,_)
str_char(_,_)
char_int(_,_)
true
fail
free(_)
bound(_)

Слайд 14

Standard predicates
div()
mod()
trunc()
round()
random(_)
random(<число>,_)
All embedded predicates are determinated

Слайд 15

Program “Relatives”
DOMAINS
s=string
PREDICATES
nondeterm mother(s,s)
nondeterm grandmother(s,s)
CLAUSES
mother("Наташа","Даша").
mother("Даша","Маша").
grandmother(X,Y):-
mother(X,Z),
mother(Z,Y).
Well-formed program:
Input

an empty line between procedures
Start a body of a rule with an indent
Start each sub-goal from a new line with an indent
Print all grandmothers
Print all mothers
Print all mothers by pressing the button

Слайд 16

Execution management
Method of a depth search (backtracking)
Method of a rollback after

a failure
Cut and rollback
Method of a user-defined search

Слайд 17

Backtracking
DOMAINS
s=string
PREDICATES
mother(s,s)
grandmother(s,s)
CLAUSES
mother(“Dasha",“Masha").
mother(“Natasha",”Dasha").
mother(“Natasha",”Glasha").
mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").
grandmother(X,Y):–
mother(X,Z),
mother(Z,Y).
GOAL
grandmother(B,V).

Слайд 18

Method of a rollback after a failure
DOMAINS
s=string
PREDICATES
mother(s,s)
grandmother(s,s)
CLAUSES
mother(“Dasha",“Masha").
mother(“Natasha",”Dasha").
mother(“Natasha",”Glasha").
mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").

grandmother(X,Y):–
mother(X,Z),
mother(Z,Y).

GOAL
grandmother(B,V)

,
write(“Grandmother’s name – “,B),
write(“Granddaughter's name – “,V).

Слайд 19

Method of a rollback after a failure
DOMAINS
s=string
PREDICATES
mother(s,s)
grandmother(s,s)
CLAUSES
mother(“Dasha",“Masha").
mother(“Natasha",”Dasha").
mother(“Natasha",”Glasha").
mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").

grandmother(X,Y):–
mother(X,Z),
mother(Z,Y).

GOAL
grandmother(B,V)

,
write(“Grandmother’s name – “,B), write(“Granddaughter's name – “,V), nl, fail.

Слайд 20

Method of a rollback after a failure
DOMAINS
s=string
PREDICATES
mother(s,s)
grandmother(s,s)
show_names
CLAUSES
mother(“Dasha",“Masha").
mother(“Natasha",”Dasha").
mother(“Natasha",”Glasha").
mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").

grandmother(X,Y):–
mother(X,Z),
mother(Z,Y).

GOAL
write(“Daughters’ names: ”),nl,
show_names.

show_names:–
mother(_,Name),
write(" ", Name), nl,
fail.

Слайд 21

Method of a rollback after a failure
DOMAINS
s=string
PREDICATES
mother(s,s)
grandmother(s,s)
show_names2(s)
CLAUSES
mother(“Dasha",“Masha").
mother(“Natasha",”Dasha").
mother(“Natasha",”Glasha").
mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").

grandmother(X,Y):–
mother(X,Z),
mother(Z,Y).

GOAL
write(“Dasha’s daughters names: ”),nl,
show_names2(“Dasha”).

show_names2(Mother):–
mother(M,Name),
M=Mother,
write(" ", Name), nl,
fail.

Слайд 22

Cut and rollback
DOMAINS
s=string
PREDICATES
mother(s,s)
grandmother(s,s)
show_names3(s)
CLAUSES
mother(“Dasha",“Masha").
mother(“Natasha",”Dasha").
mother(“Natasha",”Glasha").
mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").
grandmother(X,Y):–
mother(X,Z),
mother(Z,Y).

show_names3(Daughter):–
mother(_,Name),
write(" ", Name), nl,
Name=Daughter,
write(“We found her!"),!.
GOAL
write(“All daughters up to Glasha: ”),nl,
show_names3(“Glasha”).

Structure of the program in Prolog. Execution management

Содержание

Peculiarities of Visual PrologVisual Prolog is a compiled languageOther versions have

Program sectionscompiler directives CONSTANTS – section of constants descriptionDOMAINS – section

Peculiarities of Visual PrologAll sections can be in any orderPredicates and

Program containing only the goalGOAL write("hello"), readchar(_).

Compiler directivestrace – to trace the programnowarnings – to suppress the

Peculiarities of Visual PrologYou can start tracing only for the definite

ConstantsCONSTANTSpi=3.14path="c:\\prolog\\bgi"

Domainsinteger – an integer number (-32768...32767)real – a float number (±e-307...±e308)char

Description of your own domain = orfile = ;

Description of a structured domain = (, ..., ) [;(...)]*Examples:flatpoint

Description of predicates (, ..., ).Examples:PREDICATESmother(string,string).member(integer,integer*).member(real,real*).member(char,char*).member(string,string*).One and the same predicate will

Standard predicatesreadln(_)readint(_)readreal(_)readchar(_)readterm(name_domain, term_domain)write([,…])writef – format outputnlupper_lower(_,_)str_int(_,_)str_real(_,_)str_char(_,_)char_int(_,_)truefailfree(_)bound(_)

Standard predicatesdiv()mod()trunc()round()random(_)random(<число>,_)All embedded predicates are determinated

Program “Relatives”DOMAINSs=stringPREDICATESnondeterm mother(s,s)nondeterm grandmother(s,s)CLAUSESmother("Наташа","Даша"). mother("Даша","Маша"). grandmother(X,Y):- mother(X,Z), mother(Z,Y). Well-formed program:Input

Execution managementMethod of a depth search (backtracking)Method of a rollback after

Backtracking DOMAINSs=stringPREDICATESmother(s,s)grandmother(s,s) CLAUSESmother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha"). mother(“Natasha",”Glasha"). mother(“Dasha",”Sasha"). grandmother(X,Y):– mother(X,Z), mother(Z,Y). GOALgrandmother(B,V).

Method of a rollback after a failureDOMAINSs=stringPREDICATESmother(s,s)grandmother(s,s) CLAUSESmother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha"). mother(“Natasha",”Glasha"). mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").

Method of a rollback after a failureDOMAINSs=stringPREDICATESmother(s,s)grandmother(s,s) CLAUSESmother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha"). mother(“Natasha",”Glasha"). mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").

Method of a rollback after a failureDOMAINSs=stringPREDICATESmother(s,s)grandmother(s,s) show_namesCLAUSESmother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha"). mother(“Natasha",”Glasha"). mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").

Method of a rollback after a failureDOMAINSs=stringPREDICATESmother(s,s)grandmother(s,s) show_names2(s)CLAUSESmother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha"). mother(“Natasha",”Glasha"). mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").

Cut and rollbackDOMAINSs=stringPREDICATESmother(s,s)grandmother(s,s) show_names3(s)CLAUSESmother(“Dasha",“Masha"). mother(“Natasha",”Dasha"). mother(“Natasha",”Glasha"). mother(“Dasha",”Sasha"). grandmother(X,Y):– mother(X,Z), mother(Z,Y).

Похожие презентации

Peculiarities of Visual Prolog
Visual Prolog is a compiled language
Other versions have

Program sections
compiler directives
CONSTANTS – section of constants description
DOMAINS – section

Peculiarities of Visual Prolog
All sections can be in any order
Predicates and

Program containing only the goal
GOAL
write("hello"), readchar(_).

Compiler directives
trace – to trace the program
nowarnings – to suppress the

Peculiarities of Visual Prolog
You can start tracing only for the definite

Constants
CONSTANTS
pi=3.14
path="c:\\prolog\\bgi"

Domains
integer – an integer number (-32768...32767)
real – a float number (±e-307...±e308)
char

Description of your own domain
=
or
file = ;

Description of a structured domain
= (, ..., ) [;(...)]*
Examples:
flatpoint

Description of predicates
(, ..., ).
Examples:
PREDICATES
mother(string,string).
member(integer,integer).
member(real,real).
member(char,char).
member(string,string).
One and the same predicate will

Standard predicates
readln(_)
readint(_)
readreal(_)
readchar(_)
readterm(name_domain, term_domain)
write([,…])
writef – format output
nl
upper_lower(_,_)
str_int(_,_)
str_real(_,_)
str_char(_,_)
char_int(_,_)
true
fail
free(_)
bound(_)

Standard predicates
div()
mod()
trunc()
round()
random(_)
random(<число>,_)
All embedded predicates are determinated

Program “Relatives”
DOMAINS
s=string
PREDICATES
nondeterm mother(s,s)
nondeterm grandmother(s,s)
CLAUSES
mother("Наташа","Даша").
mother("Даша","Маша").
grandmother(X,Y):-
mother(X,Z),
mother(Z,Y).
Well-formed program:
Input

Execution management
Method of a depth search (backtracking)
Method of a rollback after

Backtracking
DOMAINS
s=string
PREDICATES
mother(s,s)
grandmother(s,s)
CLAUSES
mother(“Dasha",“Masha").
mother(“Natasha",”Dasha").
mother(“Natasha",”Glasha").
mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").
grandmother(X,Y):–
mother(X,Z),
mother(Z,Y).
GOAL
grandmother(B,V).

Method of a rollback after a failure
DOMAINS
s=string
PREDICATES
mother(s,s)
grandmother(s,s)
CLAUSES
mother(“Dasha",“Masha").
mother(“Natasha",”Dasha").
mother(“Natasha",”Glasha").
mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").

Method of a rollback after a failure
DOMAINS
s=string
PREDICATES
mother(s,s)
grandmother(s,s)
CLAUSES
mother(“Dasha",“Masha").
mother(“Natasha",”Dasha").
mother(“Natasha",”Glasha").
mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").

Method of a rollback after a failure
DOMAINS
s=string
PREDICATES
mother(s,s)
grandmother(s,s)
show_names
CLAUSES
mother(“Dasha",“Masha").
mother(“Natasha",”Dasha").
mother(“Natasha",”Glasha").
mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").

Method of a rollback after a failure
DOMAINS
s=string
PREDICATES
mother(s,s)
grandmother(s,s)
show_names2(s)
CLAUSES
mother(“Dasha",“Masha").
mother(“Natasha",”Dasha").
mother(“Natasha",”Glasha").
mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").

Cut and rollback
DOMAINS
s=string
PREDICATES
mother(s,s)
grandmother(s,s)
show_names3(s)
CLAUSES
mother(“Dasha",“Masha").
mother(“Natasha",”Dasha").
mother(“Natasha",”Glasha").
mother(“Dasha",”Sasha").
grandmother(X,Y):–
mother(X,Z),
mother(Z,Y).