The epoch of the palace coups in Russia in the 18th century

Август 1, 2022

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The epoch of the palace coups in Russia in the 18th century

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2. The epoch of the palace coups lasted for 37 years, since 1725 to 1762. It was
3. 6 palace coups during the 18th century: 1725 1727 1730 1740 1741 1762
4. Some preconditions After coming back from his trip around Europe, Peter the Great implemented a number
5. Some reasons of the palace coups Moving away from the national political tradition, according to which
6. The palace coupe of the 1725 The first palace revolution put Peter the Great's second wife
7. Aleksandr Menshikov
8. The palace coupe of the 1727 Ekaterina appointed Peter II, grandson of Peter the Great, her
9. The palace coupe of the 1730 Anna Ioannovna was the niece of Peter the Great, the
10. Ernst Johann von Biron Anna Ioannovna
11. The palace coupe of the 1740 Anna Ioannovna named The Duke of Brunswick, Ivan VI, as
12. The palace coupe of the 1741 Gathering support for the revolution was rather easy for Elizaveta,
13. Empress Elizabeth Petrovna
14. The palace coupe of the 1762 One of the most peaceful and bloodless palace revolutions in
15. Peter III Catherine the Great
16. The results of the palace coups The epoch of palace coups cost the state a considerable
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The epoch of the palace coups lasted for 37 years, since

1725 to 1762. It was a period of Russian history between the reign of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great defined by rulers overthrowing each other from the throne with the help of elite palace guard. It is said to be one of the most difficult periods for the Russian throne.

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6 palace coups during the 18th century:
1725
1727
1730
1740
1741
1762

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Some preconditions
After coming back from his trip around Europe, Peter the

Great implemented a number of sweeping reforms in Russia. One of them was changing the order of succession to the throne. The time-honored order of primogeniture was dropped by Peter's regulation in 1722. From that moment on, a monarch could choose a successor out of his children. The reform was an unheard-of novelty and immediately proved scandalous. Aside from that, it gave rise to a series of palace coups which lasted until Catherine the Great.
After the death of his first-born Aleksey Romanov who, by the old order, was to succeed Peter the Great on the throne, none of the options of the new replacement for the ruler of Russian Empire seemed acceptable. Peter struggled to make a decision, but died before he did, never having to put the innovation he introduced to the test.

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Some reasons of the palace coups
Moving away from the national political

tradition, according to which the throne passed only to direct successors of the tsar, Peter himself prepared a crisis of power.
After the death of Peter the Great there were a lot of direct and indirect successors who claimed the Russian throne.
The interests of the nobility and the generic nobility were fully showed up.The Guards had an active position, and the Guards was really the driving force of the coups. At that time the Guard was deciding who should be on the throne.

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The palace coupe of the 1725

The first palace revolution put Peter

the Great's second wife Catherine I on the throne. With the help of Aleksandr Menshikov, leader of the palace guards, she gained the throne, becoming the first woman to rule Imperial Russia. However, due to her poor health, Menshikov did most of the ruling. Moreover, she always was far from state affairs.
She died two years after gaining the throne.

Catherine I, 1725 -1727

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Aleksandr Menshikov

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The palace coupe of the 1727
Ekaterina appointed Peter II, grandson of

Peter the Great, her successor. He was only 11 when he became a ruler in 1727 and stayed on the throne only for 3 years with Menshikov behind him as a regent. Menshikov fell ill and died shortly, and Andrey Osterman and Aleksey Dolgoruky (Menshikov’s rivals at court) replaced him. Peter II died young, without naming a successor.

Peter II, 1727-1730

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The palace coupe of the 1730
Anna Ioannovna was the niece of Peter

the Great, the daughter of his brother, Ivan V. She was invited to rule the Russian Empire upon Peter II's death, by the Supreme Secret Council – a group of influential court aristocracy. They deemed her a puppet monarch, while the power remained in the Council's hands. However, with the support of the loyal nobility, Anna soon gained full power and dismissed the Council, installing herself on the Russian throne for the next decade, known in the Russian history as “bironovshchina” after the name of Anna's favorite Biron.

Anna Ioannovna, 1730-1740

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Ernst Johann von Biron
Anna Ioannovna

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The palace coupe of the 1740
Anna Ioannovna named The Duke of

Brunswick, Ivan VI, as her successor and Biron as his regent. However, Biron was soon replaced as the ruler’s regent. The regime did not last.

Ivan VI, 1740-1741

Ivan VI and his mother, Anna Leopoldovna

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The palace coupe of the 1741
Gathering support for the revolution was

rather easy for Elizaveta, being Peter the Great’s only remaining daughter. “You know whose daughter I am, so be loyal to me as you were to my father!” she would say. She received support of the Preobrazhensky regiment and with no resistance seized power, putting those in the way in prisons, including the young Ivan and his new regent Anna Leopoldovna. She chose Peter the III, grandson of Peter the Great to be her successor.

Elizaveta Petrovna, 1741-1762

Oath of the Preobrazhensky regiment to Empress Elizabeth. F. Moskovitin.

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Empress Elizabeth Petrovna

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The palace coupe of the 1762
One of the most peaceful and

bloodless palace revolutions in history was the deposition of Peter III, son of Elizaveta Petrovna, a pro-Prussian and a very unpopular Emperor who only stayed on the throne for 6 months. He was overthrown by his own wife, then Empress-to-be Catherine the Great; she justified her act by claiming Peter was guilty of not respecting the Russian relics.
Peter's crucial mistake was still adhering to the Prussian order, especially in the military, while Russia was basically at war with the country, the fact of which greatly annoyed the army in particular. The army's support was the major reason for Catherine's success in the coup. When Peter III found out his throne was taken, he attempted to talk to Catherine but was met by the army. He had nothing left to do but to sign his resignation from the throne and leave.

Peter III, ruled for six months in 1762

June 28, 1762 , the day of the coup.
Catherine on the balcony of the Winter Palace, welcomed by the Guard and the people.

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Peter III
Catherine the Great

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The results of the palace coups
The epoch of palace coups cost

the state a considerable unrest and somewhat weakened it.
Palace coups did not carry with them changes in the political and social spheres.
The nobles fought among themselves for the right to power. As a result 6 rulers were replaced during 37 years.
However:
Strengthening of the autocracy, strengthening the position of the army, which the future rulers and the Russian nobility relied on.

After the end of this turbulent period, the country enters a period of peaceful life, the long reign of Catherine II.