Areal typology

study and problems of areal typology
Areal classification of languages
The Uzbek language
Uzbek dialects

independent branches of linguistic typology, which compares language systems and studies the degree of expansion and proximity of language properties which are geographically conditioned.
According to V.G. Ghak this part of Linguistic typology "compares languages irrespectively of the degree of their relatedness and aims at defining general elements formed as a result of mutual influence of languages and the cultures staying behind them".

concerned with similarities between geographically contiguous(adjacent) languages, in particular when they cannot be ascribed to a common protolanguage and the identification of so-called Sprachbünde (plural of German Sprachbund, literally 'language union') or as they are often referred to in English, linguistic areas.
Sprachbund or linguistic area is a group of languages that have common features resulting from geographical proximity and language contact. They may be genetically unrelated, or only distantly related.
A linguistic area is a set of geographically contiguous languages that are more similar to each other in their structure

include borrowings, bi-lingual features, dialects, centum/satem languages, compiling dialectal maps, sub-stratum and super-stratum languages, ne­ologisms, archaisms, hybrid languages, language contacts, etc.
Problems:
One of the problems is defining the nature of variants of English( in Scotland, Ireland, USA, Asia)
a study of hybrid languages such as Pidgin English( in China, Australia, Hawaii Islands), Kroo English and many others.

some linguistically significant examples of areal linguistic units, or "sprachbunds":
Balkan linguistic union, or the bigger group of European languages;
A term coined by A. Rosetti to designate the close correspondences in syntax, vocabulary and phonology between the languages of the Balkan peninsula, especially Albanian, Bulgarian and Rumanian.
Historical Background
The Balkan languages belong to different groups of the Indo-European family:
Romance (Rumanian, Arumanian, Istro-Rumanian and Megleno-Rumanian);
Slavic (Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene and Old Church Slavonic);
Greek (Greek in its different dialects and written forms);
Albanian (supposedly a Romanized form of the ancient Illyrian).
Turkish (Osmanli) is the only language non-belonging to the the Indo-European family.

languages spoken by more than ten million people in and around the Caucasus Mountains, which lie between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.  They include :Georgian Abkhaz, Chechen languages

Asia , that is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent. This group includes : Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese families.
Although the members of each group are not closely genetically related, there is a reason for them to share similar features, namely: their speakers have been in contact for a long time within a common community and the languages "converged" in the course of the history. These are called "areal features".

Turkic language subfamily of the Altaic family, spoken in Uzbekistan, eastern Turkmenistan, northern and western Tadjiki­stan, southern Kazakhstan, northern Afghanistan, and northwestern China.
The dialects of the modern spoken language have been influenced by some diverse dialect groups such as Karluk, Kipchak and Oguz.

into two groups: the "O" group, which includes the dialects of such cities as Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, and the surrounding regions; and the "A" group, which is divided into two sub­groups according to the use of the initial consonants.
The modern Uzbek literary language is based on the Tashkent-Fergana "0" dia­lect group. An old Uzbek literary language had emerged by the 13th century
Uzbek phonology is marked by the absence of long vowels in word initial position.
. The gram­matical structure of Uzbek, which in common with all Turkic languages is agglutinative.

Latin alphabet from 1927 to 1940, when the Cyrillic alphabet was introduced. Since the mid-90's, Latin has again been adopted as the official alphabet.