Ethics in Research. Research Methods in Kinesiology

Август 1, 2022

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Ethics in Research. Research Methods in Kinesiology

Содержание

2. Ethics Ethics – the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong
3. Definition of Scientific Misconduct Scientific misconduct is fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing
4. Codes and Guidelines 1974 – US Congress formed the National Commission for the Protection of Human
5. Codes and Guidelines, cont’d Codes and guidelines evolved because of human subjects’ rights abuses Nazi experiments
6. Institutional Review Board (IRB) IRB is a panel of research experts that pass judgment on the
7. Statement of Informed Consent Provides potential subject with information to make a sound decision about participating
8. Statement of Informed Consent, cont’d Elements of Informed Consent Document: Background and invitation to participate Explanation
9. Statement of Informed Consent, cont’d Other components sometimes included in the informed consent document: Confidentiality and
10. Seven Areas of Scientific Dishonesty Plagiarism Fabrication and falsification Nonpublication of data Faulty data-gathering procedures Poor
11. Plagiarism Plagiarism—using the ideas, writings, and drawings of others as your own
12. Fabrication and Falsification Fabrication and falsification—making up or altering data Prominent Cases in Kinesiology-related Research Eric
13. Researcher Faces Prison for Fraud in NIH Grant Applications and Papers Science 25 March 2005: Vol.
14. Nonpublication of Data Sometimes called “cooking data” Data not included in results because they don’t support
15. Faulty Data Gathering Collecting data from participants who are not complying with requirements of the study
16. Data Gathering Most important and most aggravating. Always drop non-compliers. Fix broken equipment. Treat subjects with
17. Poor Data Storage and Retention Data should be stored in its original collected form for at
18. Misleading Authorship Misleading authorship—who should be an author? Technicians do not necessarily become joint authors. Authorship
19. MSSE Information for Authors Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise® Authorship Requirements To be an
20. Sneaky Publication Practices Publication of the thesis or dissertation Should be regarded as the student’s work
21. Sanctions Freeze your job. Reduce your job. Lose your job. Loss of institution money and privileges.
22. Why do it? Obtain external funding. Pressure of the job. Need to complete graduate work. Obtain
23. Working With Faculty Expect to be treated with respect but not equally. Expect to work hard
24. Case Example - Pat J. Palmer Fabricated 6 interview records Fabricated claim of Ph.D. (B.S. and
26. Скачать презентацию

Слайд 2

Ethics
Ethics – the discipline concerned with what is morally good and

bad, right and wrong
ethics. ( 2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 6, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106054

Слайд 3

Definition of Scientific Misconduct
Scientific misconduct is fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in

proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results.
(Federal Register, October, 1999)

Слайд 4

Codes and Guidelines
1974 – US Congress formed the National Commission for

the Protection of Human Subjects in Biomedical and Behavioral Research
1979 – Belmont Report was published as a result of the commissions deliberations
International codes also exist, for example the Code of NurembergInternational codes also exist, for example the Code of Nuremberg (1949) and Declaration of Helsinki (1974)
Virtually every journal has a policy statement regarding obtaining informed consent, etc.

Слайд 5

Codes and Guidelines, cont’d
Codes and guidelines evolved because of human subjects’

rights abuses
Nazi experiments using war chemicals, environmental extremes, food and sleep deprivation, etc
Alaskan Eskimos fed radioactive iodine pellets
Tuskegee Alabama study where men with syphilis were “treated” with a placebo instead of a drug
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_syphilis_experiment

Слайд 6

Institutional Review Board (IRB)
IRB is a panel of research experts that

pass judgment on the quality and safety of studies before they can be conducted
Primarily responsible for protecting the rights of subjects
Also protect researchers and institution

Слайд 7

Statement of Informed Consent
Provides potential subject with information to make a

sound decision about participating in a study
Provides simple but comprehensive info about the study
Cal State Fullerton guidelines may be found here: http://www.ogc.fullerton.edu/IRB/irb.htm

Слайд 8

Statement of Informed Consent, cont’d
Elements of Informed Consent Document:
Background and invitation

to participate
Explanation of procedures
Potential risks and discomforts
Potential benefits
Rights of inquiry and withdrawal
Signature of subject

Слайд 9

Statement of Informed Consent, cont’d
Other components sometimes included in the informed

consent document:
Confidentiality and anonymity
Invasion of privacy
Safe and competent treatment
Knowledge of results

Слайд 10

Seven Areas of Scientific Dishonesty
Plagiarism
Fabrication and falsification
Nonpublication of data
Faulty data-gathering procedures
Poor

data storage and retention
Misleading authorship
Sneaky publication practices

Слайд 11

Plagiarism
Plagiarism—using the ideas, writings, and drawings of others as your own

Слайд 12

Fabrication and Falsification
Fabrication and falsification—making up or altering data
Prominent Cases in

Kinesiology-related Research
Eric Poehlman – exercise physiologist at University of Vermont and University of Montreal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Poehlman

Слайд 13

Researcher Faces Prison for Fraud in NIH Grant Applications and Papers

Science 25 March 2005: Vol. 307. no. 5717, p. 1851

A researcher formerly at the University of Vermont College of Medicine has admitted in court documents to falsifying data in 15 federal grant applications and numerous published articles.
Eric Poehlman, an expert on menopause, aging, and metabolism, faces up to 5 years in jail and a $250,000 fine and has been barred for life from receiving any U.S. research funding.
The number and scope of falsifications discovered, along with the stature of the investigator, are quite remarkable. "This is probably one of the biggest misconduct cases ever,"
Poehlman, 49, first came under suspicion in 2000 when Walter DeNino, then a 24-year-old research assistant, found inconsistencies in spreadsheets used in a longitudinal study on aging.
In an effort to portray worsening health in the subjects, DeNino tells Science, "Dr. Poehlman would just switch the data points."

Слайд 14

Nonpublication of Data
Sometimes called “cooking data”
Data not included in results because

they don’t support the desired outcome
Some data are “bad” data
Bad data should be recognized while it is being collected or analyzed
Outlier – unrepresentative score; a score that lies outside of the normal scores
How should outliers be handled?

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Faulty Data Gathering
Collecting data from participants who are not complying with

requirements of the study
Using faulty equipment
Treating participants inappropriately
Recording data incorrectly

Слайд 16

Data Gathering
Most important and most aggravating.
Always drop non-compliers.
Fix broken equipment.
Treat subjects

with respect and dignity.
Record data accurately.
Store data in a safe and private place for 3 years.

Слайд 17

Poor Data Storage and Retention
Data should be stored in its original

collected form for at least 3 years after publication
Data should be available for examination
Confidentiality of participants should be maintained

Слайд 18

Misleading Authorship
Misleading authorship—who should be an author?
Technicians do not necessarily become

joint authors.
Authorship should involve only those who contribute directly.
Discuss authorship before the project!

Слайд 19

MSSE Information for Authors
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise®
Authorship Requirements To

be an author, each individual shall have contributed to the manuscript in at least two (2) of the following areas:
Significant manuscript writer
Significant manuscript reviewer/reviser
Concept and design
Data acquisition
Data analysis and interpretation
Statistical expertise
Manuscripts with more than six (6) authors require justification for exceeding that number

More info can be found here: http://www.icmje.org/

Слайд 20

Sneaky Publication Practices
Publication of the thesis or dissertation
Should be regarded as

the student’s work
Committee chair and members may be listed as secondary authors
Dual publication – a manuscript should only be published in a single journal
What about studies which include a huge amount of data?

Слайд 21

Sanctions
Freeze your job.
Reduce your job.
Lose your job.
Loss of institution money and

privileges.
Faculty are responsible for students.

Слайд 22

Why do it?
Obtain external funding.
Pressure of the job.
Need to complete graduate

work.
Obtain rewards of the field.
Adams “This can only end in trauma”

Слайд 23

Working With Faculty
Expect to be treated with respect but not equally.
Expect

to work hard and do menial jobs.
Choose a professor who shares like interests.
Personality conflicts do occur.
Ultimately you are in charge of your future.

Слайд 24

Case Example - Pat J. Palmer
Fabricated 6 interview records
Fabricated claim of

Ph.D.
(B.S. and M.S. also)
Falsified that she was
co-author on 10 articles

Did I say I have a Ph.D. in Epidemiology?

Ethics in Research. Research Methods in Kinesiology

Содержание

EthicsEthics – the discipline concerned with what is morally good and

Definition of Scientific MisconductScientific misconduct is fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in

Codes and Guidelines1974 – US Congress formed the National Commission for

Codes and Guidelines, cont’dCodes and guidelines evolved because of human subjects’

Institutional Review Board (IRB)IRB is a panel of research experts that

Statement of Informed ConsentProvides potential subject with information to make a

Statement of Informed Consent, cont’dElements of Informed Consent Document:Background and invitation

Statement of Informed Consent, cont’dOther components sometimes included in the informed

Seven Areas of Scientific DishonestyPlagiarismFabrication and falsificationNonpublication of dataFaulty data-gathering proceduresPoor

PlagiarismPlagiarism—using the ideas, writings, and drawings of others as your own

Fabrication and FalsificationFabrication and falsification—making up or altering dataProminent Cases in

Researcher Faces Prison for Fraud in NIH Grant Applications and Papers

Nonpublication of DataSometimes called “cooking data”Data not included in results because

Faulty Data GatheringCollecting data from participants who are not complying with

Data GatheringMost important and most aggravating.Always drop non-compliers.Fix broken equipment.Treat subjects

Poor Data Storage and RetentionData should be stored in its original

Misleading AuthorshipMisleading authorship—who should be an author?Technicians do not necessarily become

MSSE Information for AuthorsMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise®Authorship Requirements To

Sneaky Publication PracticesPublication of the thesis or dissertationShould be regarded as

SanctionsFreeze your job.Reduce your job.Lose your job.Loss of institution money and

Why do it?Obtain external funding.Pressure of the job.Need to complete graduate

Working With FacultyExpect to be treated with respect but not equally.Expect

Case Example - Pat J. PalmerFabricated 6 interview recordsFabricated claim of

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